Osteology, Arthology And Myology Basics

Question 1

Define the terms Axial and Appendicular

Answer 1

Axial - Bones that are located in the trunk of the body. (Skull, Ribs, Vertebral column)

Appendicular - Bones that externally located from the trunk of the body. (Upper & Lower limbs)

Question 2

What are the two components of bone structure?

Answer 2

Compact Bone - The dense, superficial layer of bone which gives bone the characteristic of robustness

Cancellous Bone - The deeper layer of softer bone with holes in the structure which can change under weight bearing; it gives the bone lightness

Question 3

List the types of bones:

Answer 3

• Flat
• Long
• Short
• Irregular
• Sesamoid
• Accessory (Rare occurrence, generally post-trauma)

Question 4

• What is the Diaphysis of a bone?
• What is the Epiphysis of a bone?
• What is the Epiphyseal plate?

Answer 4

• Diaphysis is the long shaft of the long bone
• Epiphysis is are the distal ends of bones which will be a part of a joint for movement
• Epiphyseal Plates are where the marrow develops at either end of the bones; close up at 20

Question 5

Name some of the functions of bone:

Answer 5

• Support (Structure)
• Articulation
• Muscle Attachment
• Mineral Store
• Protection
• Leverage
• Erythropeisis

Question 6

What are the three types of joints?

Answer 6

• Fibrous
• Cartilaginous
• Synovial

Question 7

What is the definition of a fibrous joint and what are the names of specific fibrous joints?

Answer 7

A Fibrous joint are joints which are fixed (or very limited movement)

• Gomphosis (Teeth)
• Syndesmosis (Distal end of Tibia and Fibula)
• Suture (Skull)

Question 8

What is the definition of a cartilaginous joint and what are the names examples?

Answer 8

A cartilaginous joint is a joint connecting bones by fibrocartilage/Hyaline

• Epiphysis (Growth Plates)
• Symphysis (Pubic Symphysis)

Question 9

What is the definition of a synovial joint?

Answer 9

A synovial joint has a configuration of a joint capsule which enhances lubrication for movement

Question 10

How can you classify synovial joints?

Answer 10

By Movement:
Uniaxial, Biaxial, Mulit-axial

By shape:
Ball and Socket (Hip) 
Condylar (Metacarpophalangeal)
Hinge (Knee)
Plane/Gliding (Wrist) 
Pivot (Neck)

Question 11

You can classify types of muscle by shape, what are they?

Answer 11

Strap (Sartorius)
Fusiform (Bicep Brachii)
Sheet (External Obliques)

Pennate: Tendon running through the muscle

Unipennate (Flexo Pollicis Longus)
Bipennate (Rectus Femoris)
Multipennate (Deltoids)