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PT414 - Applied Anatomy > Spinal Nerves, Lymph and Blood supply of the Lower Limb > Flashcards

Spinal Nerves, Lymph and Blood supply of the Lower Limb Flashcards

1
Q

Where do the nerves come out in the Cervical Spine, and how many afferent nerves leave the cervical spine?

A
  • The nerves come from above the vertebra

- Goes from C1-8; 8 is above T1

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2
Q

What plexus comes out of the Cervical Spine?

A

The Brachial Plexus (Upper Limb Region)

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3
Q

Where do the nerves come out of the Thoracic spine, and how many leave the Thoracic spine?

A
  • The nerves come from below of the vertebra

- Goes from T1-12

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4
Q

Where do the nerves come out of the Lumbar Spine, and how many leave the Lumbar Spine?

A
  • The nerves come from below of the vertebra

- Goes from L1-5

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5
Q

Where do the nerves come out of the Sacral Spine, and how many leave the Sacral Spine?

A
  • The nerves come out through the sacral formina
  • Goes from S1-5
    • Their is an nerve coming from the coccyx called the Coccygeal nerve *
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6
Q

The spinal cord doesn’t grow with age as fast as bony and soft tissue, in an adult where does the spinal cord end?

A

In the area of T12 and L1

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7
Q

From the spinal cord ending at T12-L1 area in adults, peripheral nerves still grow beyond this point. What are the peripheral nerves called which are beyond the spinal cord?

A

Cordae Equina

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8
Q

What is the main differences between afferent and efferent nerves?

A 
Afferent nerves (Sensory) - these nerves are sending signals from the body, such as skin and muscles, to the brain; eg the skin sensing that is it cold
Efferent nerves (Motor) - these nerves are sending signals from the brain to the body; eg the CNS sends signals to trigger Goosebumps in the skin to warm up
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9
Q

What are the physical characteristics of nerves in the vertebral foramen Name 4-6 features

A
  • Spinal Cord
  • Ventral Root (Anteriorly, and sends efferent messages)
  • Dorsal Root (Posteriorly, and sends afferent messages)
  • Mixed Spinal Nerve
  • Ventral Ramus
  • Dorsal Ramus
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10
Q

How do the ventral and dorsal rami pass around the thoracic cavity?

A 
Ventral Nerves (Efferent) - Passes all the way round the inside of the thoracic region, called the intercostal nerve, will reach around towards the sternum.
Dorsal Nerves (Afferent) - Reaches to the skin and muscle, anterior the rib, and enter to the vertebral region through the posterior.
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11
Q

What is the definition of Dermatomes?

A

Patches of skin where the nerves from the spine are activated in a particular area

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12
Q

What is the definition of Myotomes?

A

Segmented muscles for each spinal cord level; a single cord will NOT cover a singular muscle

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13
Q

What is the definition of Sclerotomes?

A

Segmented bony region for each spinal level; not the most accurate technique but can suggest why a nerve pressed sometimes in bones

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14
Q

What is the thick membrane that protects the CNS when it leaves the intervertebral foramen?

A

Dura Mater

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15
Q

What are 3 common injuries which involved with the mixed spinal nerves and how they cause injury?

A
  • Intervertebral joints are prone to arthritis, especially lumbar spine; the inflammation can manipulate the joint to push and pressure the nerve.
  • Osteophytes can grow into a mixed spinal nerves due to arthritis
  • The intervertebral discs being herniated, which is the nucleus if the disc breaks through the damaged membrane, annulus, and can press on the nerve.
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16
Q

What is the function of the ANS (Autonomic Nervous System)?

A

To regulate natural body processes autonomously

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17
Q

What are the functions of the two parts of the ANS?

A

Sympathetic - For emergency situations

Parasympathetic - Conserving natural bodily functions

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18
Q

What is unique about the sympathetic nervous system?

A

It has its own ‘spinal cord’ which is contains preganglionic axons which are in the vicinity of the vertebral column; anterior to body of the vertebrae.
*They originate in transverse processes of the thoracic and travel down to the first 2/3 lumbar vertebras

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19
Q

What 3 specific nerves come from the 1st lumbar vertebra?

A
  • Iliohypogastric
  • Ilio-inguinal
  • Genitofemoral
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20
Q

What 6 specific nerves come from the 2nd lumbar vertebra?

A
  • Lateral Cutaneous of the Thigh
  • Femoral
  • Iliopsoas
  • Accessory obturator
  • Obturator
  • Genitofemoral
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21
Q

What 5 specific nerves come from the 3rd lumbar vertebra?

A
  • Lateral Cutaneous of the Thigh
  • Femoral
  • Iliopsoas
  • Accessory Obturator
  • Obturator
22
Q

What 5 specific nerves come from the 4th lumbar vertebra?

A
  • Femoral
  • Iliopsoas
  • Accessory Obturator
  • Obturator
  • Lumbosacral
23
Q

What specific nerve, primarily, come from the 5th lumbar vertebra?

A

Lumbosacral Trunk

24
Q

What 5 specific nerves come from the 1st sacral vertebra?

A
  • Sciatic Nerve
  • Inferior Gluteal
  • Superior Gluteal
  • Obturator Internus
  • Gemelli
25
Q

What 8 specific nerves come from the 2nd sacral vertebra?

A
  • Sciatic Nerve
  • Piriformis
  • Inferior gluteal
  • Visceral Branch
  • Obturator Internus
  • Gemelli
  • Pudenal
  • Posterior Femoral Cutaneous Nerve
26
Q

What 6 specific nerves come from the 3rd sacral vertebra?

A
  • Obturator Internus
  • Gemelli
  • Posterior Femoral Cutaneous Nerve
  • Cutaneous Nerves
  • Pudenal
  • Pelvic Splanchnic nerve (Bladder)
27
Q

What 3 specific nerves come from the 4th sacral vertebra?

A
  • Pelvic Splanchnic nerve
  • Pudenal
  • Levator ani nerve
28
Q

What is the specific nerves from the 5th sacral vertebra and coccygeal?

A

Anococcygeal nerve

29
Q

What are the nervous routes of the major anterior nerves?

A

Femoral Nerve: Arises from underneath the psoas major and inguinal ligament to the anterior shaft of the femur
Obturator Nerve: Arises from the Lumbar plexus posteriorly. through the obturator foramen and travels along the medial side of the femur.

30
Q

What does the femoral nerve supply?

A

All the quadriceps

31
Q

What does the obturator nerve supply?

A

All the adductors Half of adductor magnus

32
Q

What is the Saphenous nerve, and what does it supply?

A

It is apart of the femoral nerve and extends below the knee, down to the medial side of the ankle; it is a cutaneous nerve and doesn’t supply any muscles

33
Q

What does the sciatic nerve supply?

A

All the hamstrings and half of adductor magnus

34
Q

Where does the sciatic nerve come from?

A

The 2nd sacral vertebra and passes underneath the piriformis through the Greater Sciatic Notch, then travels inferiorly and becomes the Common Peroneal nerve.

35
Q

What happens with Common Peroneal nerve once it reaches the knee?

A

The Common Peroneal nerve splits at the popliteal fossa

36
Q

What does the popliteal fossa split the Common Peroneal nerve into?

A
  • Sural Nerve (Cutaneous)
  • Tibial Nerve
  • Deep Peroneal
  • Superficial Peroneal
37
Q

What does the tibial nerve supply?

A

It supplies:

  • Soleus
  • Tibialis Posterior
  • Flexor Hallucis Longus
  • Flexor Digitorum Longus
38
Q

What does the Common Peroneal supply?

A

Supports both gastrocnemius’ heads

39
Q

The tibial nerve splits into two more nerves, what are they and what do they supply?

A

Medial Plantar Nerve: Supplies the Adductor Hallucis, Flexor Digitorum Brevis and Flexor Hallucis Brevis
Lateral Platnar Nerve: Supplies the Adductor digiti minimi, Flexor digiti minimi, Adductor Hallucis and interossei

40
Q

What are the nervous routes of the Superficial Peroneal Nerve, and what does it supply?

A

It passes laterally, inferiorly to the dorsum of the foot; around the cuneiforms.
It supplies the Peroneus Longus and Peroneus Brevis.

41
Q

What are the nervous routes of the Deep Peroneal Nerve, and what does it supply?

A

It passes anteriorly to the dorsum of the foot around the 1st and 2nd metatarsal.
It supplies the Tibialis Anterior, Extensor Digitorum Longus, Extensor Hallucis Longus and Extensor Digitorum Brevis

42
Q

How does the blood supply reach the lower limb?

A
  • Begins in the left ventricle where its pumped through the aorta
  • Travels inferiorly through the abdominal artery, more posteriorly, and splits left and right.
  • Also splits the artery into the internal iliac artery, that supplies the pelvic contents, and the external iliac arteries which goes to the limbs
43
Q

What happens the External Iliac Artery to supply the lower limb?

A
  • It passes underneath the inguinal ligament and forms the femoral artery, it lies in the adductor canal; Deep to the sartorius and against adductor magnus
44
Q

As the Femoral artery, what is the route which it takes down to the foot?

A
  • Passes inferiorly down the leg, moving posteriorly to the popliteal fossa; becoming the popliteal artery
  • Moves down the shaft of the tibia where it splits into the anterior (ATA) and posterior tibial artery (PTA)
  • The ATA travels inferiorly and runs down the interosseous membrane to the front of the ankle joint passing between the tendons of the Tibialis Anterior and EDB.
  • The PTA travels in the middle of the lower limb, passing the medial malleolus and underneath the sustentaculum tali to the plantar of the foot.
45
Q

Vein routes, what are significant about deep and superficial veins?

A
  • Deep Veins –> Follow paths of arteries

- Superficial Veins –> DON’T

46
Q

What are the two main superficial veins in the lower limb?

A
  • Long Saphenous

- Short Saphenous

47
Q

What is the route of the Long Saphenous vein?

A
  • Originates on the venule dorsal arch of the foot
  • Travels in front of the medial malleolus
  • Superiorly and medially travels up the leg, behind the knee
  • Continues to travel medially upto the Deep Femoral Vein which where the venous blood is drained
48
Q

What is the route of the Short Saphenous vein?

A
  • Originates on the venule dorsal arch
  • Travels posteriorly around the fibula malleolus
  • Rises superiorly to just blow the knee joint where venous blood drains into the Deep Popliteal Vein
49
Q

Where are the lymphatic channels running?

A
  • The lymph capillaries intertwine with the blood capillaries in the interstitial fluid
  • In the lower limb, the lymphatic route mimic the two saphenous veins
50
Q

Where are the two main locations of lymph nodes in the lower limb, and what are the function of lymph nodes?

A

The function of lymph nodes are filtering systems which brake down unwanted cells in the lymphatic fluid.
The main locations in the lower limb are:
- Popliteal Fossa (Short Saphenous)
- Inguinal Region (Long Saphenous)

PT414 - Applied Anatomy (9 decks)

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