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MRCSalah anatomy > Spine and back > Flashcards

Spine and back Flashcards

1
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5
Q

Other than a fracture, what are the abnormal signs in this radiograph

Identify 1,2, 5

A
  1. Abnormal alignment (the distance between the dens and the lateral masses of C1 on both sides is not equal)
  2. Prevertebral soft tissue swelling due to fracture oedema
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6
Q

What ligaments are attached to the odontoid process?

A

-Transverse atlantal ligament
-Apical odontoid ligament
-Alar ligament 9

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7
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8
Q

What ligaments are attached to the odontoid process?

A

-Transverse atlantal ligament
-Apical odontoid ligament
-Alar ligament

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9
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10
Q

What type of joint is the atlanto-axial joint?

A

-Synovial pivot joint

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11
Q

What ligaments lie between C1 and C2?

A

-Anterior atlanto-axial ligament
-Posterior atlanto-axial ligament
-Transverse ligament

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12
Q

What is the first spinous process to be felt?

A

-Spinous process of C7 (has a long spine = vertebral prominence)

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13
Q

Demonstrate C7 on subject?

A
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14
Q

Why can we not palpate the upper spinous processes?

A

-As they are short, bifid and attached to the nuchal ligament

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15
Q

What are the atypical cervical vertebrae and the atypical features?

A

-C1 (atlas): no body, no spine
-C2 (axis): body projects upwards to form the odontoid process
-C7 (vertebra prominens): very long spine, smaller foramen transversarium

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16
Q

How many vertebrae make up the spinal column: how many spinal nerves are there?

A

-7 cervical, 8 cervical
-12 thoracic, 12 thoracic
-5 lumbar, 5 lumbar
-5 fused sacral, 5 sacral
-3 fused coccygeal, 1 coccygeal

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17
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18
Q

1, 2, 4, 7, 8, 10, 13

A
19
Q

1, 2, 4, 7, 8, 10, 13

A
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23
Q

what are the characteristic features of lumbar vertebrae?

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24
Q

What are the structures passing through the intervertebral foramen?

A

-Root of each spinal nerve
-Dorsal root ganglion
-Spinal artery of the segmental artery
-Communicating veins between the internal and external plexuses
-Recurrent meningeal (sinuvertebral) nerves)
-Transforaminal ligaments

25
Q

What level would you carry out a lumbar puncture?

A

-L4-L5 (supracrestal line)

26
Q

What layers would you go through for a lumbar puncture?

A

-Skin, subcut fat, fascia
-Supraspinous ligament
-Interspinous ligament
-Ligamentum flavum
-Epidural space
-Dura mater
-Arachnoid mater
-CSF

27
Q

What is the anatomy of an intervertebral disc?

A

-Internal nucleus pulposus surrounded by fibrocartilagenous annulus fibrosus

28
Q

What type of joint is an intervertebral joint?

A

-Secondary cartilagenous joint

29
Q

What type of movement do the lumbar vertebrae allow

A

Flexion, extension, lateral flexion, lateral rotation

30
Q

What level does the spinal cord terminate?

A

-L3 (at birth), L1/2 (adult)

31
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32
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33
Q

What are the contents of the spinal canal below L2?

A

Cauda equina

34
Q

What is the location of the paravertebral venous plexus?

A

-Anterior external vertebral venous plexus, the small system around the vertebral bodies
-Posterior external vertebral venous plexus, the extensive system around the vertebral processes
-Anterior internal vertebral venous plexus, the system running the length of the vertebral canal anterior to the dura
-Posterior internal vertebral venous plexus, the system running the length of the vertebral canal posterior to the dura

35
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36
Q

What is the contents of the epidural space?

A

-Lymphatics
-Spinal nerve roots
-Loose connective tissue
-Fatty tissue
-Small arteries
-Network of internal vertebral venous plexuses

37
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38
Q

How do spinal metastases happen?q

A

-Spread from primary tumours is mainly by arterial route
-Retrograde spread through batson plexus
-DIrect invasion through the intervertebral foramina

39
Q

What is batson’s venous plexus?

A

-network of veins with no valves that connect deep pelvic veins draining the bladder, prostate and rectum to the internal vertebral venous plexus

40
Q

What structures are found at C6?

A

-Termination of the pharynx and beginning of oesophagus
-Termination of the larynx and beginning of the trachea
-Entry of the vertebral artery to the foramen transversum
-Intermediate tendon of the omohyoid cross the carotid sheath
-Middle thyroid vein emerging from the thyroid gland
-Inferior thyroid artery entering thyroid gland

41
Q

Demonstrate the hyoid bone (C3) and the cricoid cartilage (C6) on a subject?

A

MRCSalah anatomy (15 decks)

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