Head Flashcards by Eliot Carrington-windo

Which bones form the pterion?

-Temporal
-Parietal
-Sphenoid
-frontal

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What is the clinical significance of the pterion?

-Middle meningeal artery runs behind it
-Trauma can result in extradural haematoma

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What are the layers of the scalp?

-Skin
-Connective tissue
-Aponeurosis
-Loose areolar tissue
-Periosteum

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What age do the cranial sutures ossify by?

-18-24 months

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What happens if cranial sutures are fused at birth?

-Craniosynostosis
-Can result in developmental abnormalities

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By which age does the mastoid bone develop?

2 years

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What are the diploic veins of the skull?

Veins that drain the diploic space of the skull to the dural venous sinuses

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Tear to which vessel might cause subdural haematoma?

Cerebral vein and bridging veins

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5,29,32

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5,27,29,32

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What type of joint is the TMJ? What are its articulating surfaces

Bicondylar, synovial hinge joint

Articulating surfaces:
-Head of mandible
-Mandibular fossa of temporal bone
-Artiular tubercle (of temporal bone)

A condyloid joint (also called condylar, ellipsoidal, or bicondylar) is an ovoid articular surface, or condyle that is received into an elliptical cavity. This permits movement in two planes, allowing flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and circumduction.

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Mouth open

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What movements does the mandible do, what muscles carry out each?

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What muscles are involved in opening mouth?

DLGM
-Digastric
-Lateral pterygoid
-Geniohyoid
-Mylohyoid

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Location and contents of foramen ovale

Location:
-Sphenoid bone

Contents
-Otic ganglion
-V3 branch trigeminal
-Accessory meningeal artery
-Lesser petrosal nerve
-Emissary veins

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Location and contents of foramen spinosum

Location
-Sphenoid bone

Contents
-Middle meningeal branch of mandibular nerve
-Middle meningeal artery

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Foramen rotundum location and contents

-V2

Location
-Sphenoid bone

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Foramen lacerum

Location:
-Sphenoid bone

Contents:
-ICA (passes along superior surface but does not traverse it)
-Vidian nerve (nerve of pterygoid canal–> formed by union of deep petrosal and greater petrosal )
-Artery of the pterygoid canal

Vidian nerve innervates pterygopalatine ganglion: parasympathetic to nasal and lacrimal glands. Greater petrosal provides parasympathetic from facial nerve

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Location and contents of optic canal

Location:
-sphenoid bone

Contents
-Optic nerve + 3 layers of dura –> meningeal infection is seen as papilloedema
-Opthalmic artery
-Sympathetic nerves

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Superior orbital fissure location and contents

Location:
-Sphenoid bone

Contents
-Superior and inferior division oculomotor nerve
-Trochlear nerve
-All 3 branches V1 (NFL)
-Abducens nerve
-Superior and inferior ophthalmic veins

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Carotid canal

Location
–> temporal bone

Contents: ‘side’
–> sympathetic plexus around artery
–> internal carotid artery
–> deep petrosal nerve
–> emissary veins

Location and contents of jugular foramen

Location:
-Temporal bone

Anterior compartment: inferior petrosal sinus
Intermediate: 9,10,11
Posterior: sigmoid sinus (becoming IJ), meningeal branches from occipital and ascending pharyngeal arteries

Stylomastoid foramen location and contents

-Stylomastoid artery -Facial artery

Foramen magnum

Bone: occipital bone Contents: -Arteries: vertebral arteries forming basilar artery, anterior and posterior spinal arteries -Veins: spinal veins -Nerve: Spinal part of accessory nerve (ascends up and joins cranial part of accessory nerve to exit via jugular foramen) -Soft tissue: End of medulla and beginning of spinal cord, meninges

Identify: -Trigeminal impression for trigeminal ganglion -Squamous part of temporal bone -Tegmen Tympani -Frontal crest -Clivus -Groove for transverse sinus -Internal occipital protuberance -Hypoglossal canal 1. What is the cranial nerve track on the clivus? 2. What juvenile structure forms the clivus?

1. Abducens nerve 2. Spheno-occipital synchondrosis

What are the benign tumours of the posterior cranial fossa

-Haemangioblastoma -Acoustic neuroma -Ependymoma -Ependymoblastoma

What muscles attach to the styloid process

-Styloglossus -Stylopharyngeus -Stylohyoid

What are the causes of lytic skull lesions?

-Lytic skeletal metastasis -Multiple myeloma -Paget's disease -Sarcoidosis -Osteomyelitis -Haemangioma

Identify the anterior cranial fossa and its borders

Anterior/lateral border: -Inner surface of the frontal bone Posterior medial: -Limbus of sphenoid bone: the limbus is a bony ridge that forms the anterior border of the prechiasmatic sulcus (a groove running between the right and left optic canals). Posterior lateral: -Lesser wings of sphenoid bone Floor: -Frontal bone, ethmoid bone, anterior aspect of body and lesser wing of sphenoid bone Foramina -Anterior ethmoid foramen -Posterior ethmoid foramen

Describe the boundaries and contents of the middle cranial fossa

Anterior and lateral: lesser wing of sphenoid bone Anterior and medial: limbus of sphenoid bone Posterior and lateral: Superior border of petrous part of the temporal bone Posterior and medial: dorsum sellae of sphenoid bone Floor: -Body and greater wing of sphenoid -squamous and petrous parts of the temporal bone Contents --> temporal lobe

Identify the borders of the posterior cranial fossa

Anteromedial: dorsum sellae of the sphenoid bone Anterolateral: superior border of petrous part of the temporal bone Posterior: internal surface of the squamous part of the occipital bone Floor: --> mastoid part of the temporal bone --> squamous, condylar and basilar parts of occipital bone

Where are the cavernous sinuses?

There are two cavernous sinuses lying either side of the sella turcica

Where do the cavernous sinuses drain blood from and to?

From: -Superior ophthalmic vein -Facial veins -Emissary veins from pterygoid plexus -Sphenoparietal sinuses To: -Superior and inferior petrosal sinuses -IJV -Intercavernous sinus

Contents of the cavernous sinus

Lateral wall: -Oculomotor -Trochlear -Ophthalmic (V1) -Maxillary (V2) Within cavernous sinus itself: -internal Carotid -Abducens (6)

What is the clinical significance of the cavernous sinus?

Cavernous sinus thrombosis -Infections from danger area of face (drained by ophthalmic and facial veins) can spread to the cavernous sinus as they are valveless and cause cavernous sinus thrombosis

What are the signs of cavernous sinus thrombosis?

-Painful swelling of the eye -CN palsy of 6, 3, 4, V1, V2

Describe cavernous sinus syndrome

-Cavernous sinus syndrome is most often caused by cavernous sinus tumours -Diagnosis is based on signs of pain, ophthalmoplegia, proptosis, trigeminal nerve lesion (ophthalmic branch) and horner's syndromes