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Functional Anatomy > Spine (6A/6B) > Flashcards

Spine (6A/6B) Flashcards

1
Q

Spine

A
  • cervical = 7 vertebrae (8 cervical spinal nerves
  • thoracic = 12 vertebrae
  • lumbar = 5 vertabrae
  • sacrum = 5 vertabrae (fused into 1 unit)
  • coccyx = 1 unit
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2
Q

Splenii

A
  • splenius capitus
  • splenius cervicus
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3
Q

Attachments of splenii

A
  • inferior (stationary) = spinous processes of spine
  • superior = skull, transverse processes of spine
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4
Q

Innervation of splenii

A

Dorsal rami

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5
Q

Actions of splenii

A
  • rotate the head and neck to the same side (unilaterally)
  • laterally flex the head and neck to the same side (unilaterally)
  • extend the head and neck (bilaterally)
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6
Q

Erector spinae group

A

Lateral to medial
- iliocostalis
- longissimus
- spinalis

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7
Q

Attachments of erector spinae group

A
  • inferior (stationary) = lower T-spine and L-spine spinous processes and thoracolumbar fascia
  • superior = C-spine and T-spine transverse processes, skull, and ribs
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8
Q

Innervation of erector spinae group

A

Dorsal rami

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9
Q

Actions of erector spinae group

A
  • laterally flex vertebral column to the same side (unilaterally)
  • extend the vertebral column (bilaterally)
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10
Q

Transversospinalis group

A

Longest to shortest (fiber length)
- semispinalis
- multifidi
- rotatores

  • ex question = what plane does unilateral contraction of transversospinalis does? Transverse plan
  • while erector group muscles are long and span the back, transversospinalis are short and only span a few vertebrae
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11
Q

Attachments of transversospinalis group

A
  • inferior (stationary) = transverse processes of vertebrae
  • superior = spinous processes of vertebrae and nuchal line (semispinalis)
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12
Q

Innervation of transversospinalis group

A

Dorsal rami

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13
Q

Actions of transversospinalis group

A
  • rotate the vertebral column to the opposite side (unilaterally)
  • extend the vertebral column and head (bilaterally)
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14
Q

Attachments of serratus posterior superior and inferior

A
  • small and feather-like like their anterior counterpart
  • proximal = spine
  • distal = ribs
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15
Q

Innervation of serratus posterior superior and inferior

A

Dorsal rami

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16
Q

Actions of serratus posterior superior and inferior

A
  • elevates ribs during respiration (superior)
  • depress ribs during respiration (inferior)
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17
Q

Attachments of quadratics lumborum

A
  • deep to erector spinae (and thoracodorsal fascia) in lumbar region
  • inferior (stationary) = iliac crest of pelvis
  • superior = lowest ribs and transverse processes of lumbar spine
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18
Q

Innervation of quadratics lumborum

A

Lumbar plexus (ventral rami)

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19
Q

Actions of quadratics lumborum

A
  • laterally flex vertebral column to the same side (unilaterally)
  • fix the last rib during forced inhalation and exhalation (bilaterally)
  • assist to extend vertebral column (bilaterally)
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20
Q

Open-chain

A

Involve free movement of the distal body segment in space, allowing joints to move together or independently of others

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21
Q

Closed chain

A

Involves proximal joint(s) moving in relation to a fixed (non moving) distal segment

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22
Q

Resistance more than effort

A

Nothing happens, the body can’t move

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23
Q

Resistance equals effort

A

Isometric contraction

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24
Q

Effort more than resistance

A

Concentric or eccentric contraction

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25
Q

Resistance arm

A

Distance from the joint doing the work (action) to resistance

the longer the resistance arm, the more effort the muscle has to exert to overcome this force

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26
Q

Concentric contraction

A

Going against gravity

27
Q

Eccentric contraction

A

Going with gravity

28
Q

Attachments of sternocleidomastoid

A
  • it says its attachment points = sternum, clavicle, mastoid process of temporal base of skull
  • runs at an angle
  • inferior (stationary) = sternum and clavicle
  • superior = mastoid process of temporal bone
29
Q

Innervation of sternocleidomastoid

A

Accessory nerve (CN VI) and C2-3

30
Q

Actions of sternocleidomastoid

A
  • laterally flex the head and neck to the same side (unilaterally)
  • rotate the head and neck to the opposite side (unilaterally)
  • flex the head and neck to the opposite side (unilaterally)
  • flex the neck (bilaterally)
  • assist to elevate the rib cage during inhalation (moving the inferior attachment, sternum, for respiration, inspiration)
31
Q

Scalenes

A
  • anterior
  • middle
  • posterior
  • brachial plexus goes right through the anterior and middle scalenes
    • if the muscles get tight, what happens? Squeezes the brachial plexus (leading to numbness and muscle weakness)
32
Q

Attachments of scalenes

A
  • inferior (stationary) = 1st and 2nd ribs
  • superior = transverse processes of C-spine
33
Q

Innervation of scalenes

A

Ventral rami

34
Q

Actions

A
  • with ribs fixed, laterally flex the head and neck to the same side (unilaterally)
  • rotate the head and neck to the opposite side (unilaterally)
  • elevate ribs during inhalation (bilaterally with inferior attachment in movement)
  • flex the head and neck (bilaterally)
35
Q

Attachments of subclavius

A
  • small little muscle that sits under the clavicle
  • proximal = 1st rib
  • distal = clavicle
36
Q

Attachments of subclavius

A
  • small little muscle that sits under the clavicle
  • proximal = 1st rib
  • distal = clavicle
37
Q

Innervation of subclavius

A

Nerve to subclavius

38
Q

Actions of subclavius

A
  • lifts 1st rib in inhalation (important for respiration)
39
Q

Linea alba

A
  • connective tissue spanning from sternum to pubic symphysis
  • an attachment point for abdominal muscles
40
Q

Rectus abdominus

A
  • encased in rectus sheath
  • easy to move both attachments
  • antagonists of erector muscles of back
41
Q

Attachments of rectus abdominus

A
  • inferior (stationary) = pubic symphysis
  • superior = ribs
42
Q

Innervation of rectus abdominus

A

Ventral rami

43
Q

Actions of rectus abdominus

A
  • flex the vertebral column (bilaterally)
44
Q

Obliques

A
  • internal and external obliques form abdominal wall
  • internal deep to external
  • important for compressing abdominal contents
  • muscle fibers run in opposite directions
  • internal and external are antagonists
  • unilaterally muscle contraction on SAME side in rotation = ANTAGONISTS
  • lateral flexion = AGONISTS
45
Q

Attachments of obliques

A
  • inferior (stationary) = iliac crest, linea alba
  • superior = ribs
46
Q

Innervation of obliques

A

Ventral rami

47
Q

Actions of obliques

A
  • laterally flex vertebral column to the same side (unilaterally)
  • rotate vertebral column to the same side (unilaterally)
  • flex the vertebral column (bilaterally)
  • compress abdominal contents (bilaterally)
  • external = bilaterally flex spine
  • external = unilaterally rotate to opposite side (antagonists)
  • internal = unilaterally rotate to same side (antagonists)
  • laterally flex to the same side (unilaterally- agonists)
  • when all contracts = stabilizes
48
Q

Attachments of transverse abdominis

A
  • deep to abdominal muscles
  • wraps around at thoracolumbar fascia to rectus sheath and linea alba
49
Q

Innervation of transverse abdominis

A

Ventral rami

50
Q

Actions of transverse abdominis

A
  • compress abdominal contents (stabilizer)
  • stabilizes with lifting
51
Q

Attachments of intercostals

A
  • between ribs
52
Q

Innervation of intercostals

A

Ventral rami

53
Q

Actions of intercostals

A
  • lifts and depresses ribs for respiration
54
Q

Diaphragm

A

Forms the floor of thoracic cavity

55
Q

Innervation of diaphragm

A

Phrenic nerve (C3-5)

56
Q

Actions

A
  • draw down the central tendon of the diaphragm
  • increase the volume of thoracic cavity during inhalation (by contraction)
57
Q

Inhalation

A

Ribs elevate

58
Q

Expiration

A

Ribs depress

59
Q

Inhalation muscles

A
  • scalenes
  • sternocleidomastoid
  • serratus posterior superior
  • subclavius
  • pectoralis minor
60
Q

Expiration muscles

A
  • serratus posterior inferior
  • quadratus lumborum
  • rectus abdominus
61
Q

Levator ani and coccygeus

A
  • pelvic floor muscles
  • continuous membrane of muscles that form the floor of pelvis (known as diaphragm)
  • pelvic floor weakness occurs following birth (especially vagina birth)
  • with all muscles, decrease in stretch and girth as we age
62
Q

Innervation of levator ani and coccygeus

A

Sacral nerves

63
Q

Actions of levator ani and coccygeus

A
  • regulate urination and defection (actively)
  • support reproductive organs (passively)
  • stabilization
  • preservation of control and ability to support pelvic organs against gravity both at rest and unexpected loads

Functional Anatomy (8 decks)

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