Spine (6A/6B) Flashcards
1
Q
Spine
A
- cervical = 7 vertebrae (8 cervical spinal nerves)
- thoracic = 12 vertebrae
- lumbar = 5 vertabrae
- sacrum = 5 vertabrae (fused into 1 unit)
- coccyx = 1 unit
2
Q
Splenii
A
- splenius capitus
- splenius cervicus
3
Q
Attachments of splenii
A
- inferior (stationary) = spinous processes of spine
- superior = skull, transverse processes of spine
4
Q
Innervation of splenii
A
Dorsal rami
5
Q
Actions of splenii
A
- rotate the head and neck to the same side (unilaterally)
- laterally flex the head and neck to the same side (unilaterally)
- extend the head and neck (bilaterally)
6
Q
Erector spinae group
A
Lateral to medial
- iliocostalis
- longissimus
- spinalis
7
Q
Attachments of erector spinae group
A
- inferior (stationary) = lower T-spine and L-spine spinous processes and thoracolumbar fascia
- superior = C-spine and T-spine transverse processes, skull, and ribs
8
Q
Innervation of erector spinae group
A
Dorsal rami
9
Q
Actions of erector spinae group
A
- laterally flex vertebral column to the same side (unilaterally)
- extend the vertebral column (bilaterally)
10
Q
Transversospinalis group
A
Longest to shortest (fiber length)
- semispinalis
- multifidi
- rotatores
- ex question = what plane does unilateral contraction of transversospinalis does? Transverse plan
- while erector group muscles are long and span the back, transversospinalis are short and only span a few vertebrae
11
Q
Attachments of transversospinalis group
A
- inferior (stationary) = transverse processes of vertebrae
- superior = spinous processes of vertebrae and nuchal line (semispinalis)
12
Q
Innervation of transversospinalis group
A
Dorsal rami
13
Q
Actions of transversospinalis group
A
- rotate the vertebral column to the opposite side (unilaterally)
- extend the vertebral column and head (bilaterally)
14
Q
Attachments of serratus posterior superior and inferior
A
- small and feather-like like their anterior counterpart
- proximal = spine
- distal = ribs
15
Q
Innervation of serratus posterior superior and inferior
A
Dorsal rami
16
Q
Actions of serratus posterior superior and inferior
A
- elevates ribs during respiration (superior)
- depress ribs during respiration (inferior)
17
Q
Attachments of quadratics lumborum
A
- deep to erector spinae (and thoracodorsal fascia) in lumbar region
- inferior (stationary) = iliac crest of pelvis
- superior = lowest ribs and transverse processes of lumbar spine
18
Q
Innervation of quadratics lumborum
A
Lumbar plexus (ventral rami)
19
Q
Actions of quadratics lumborum
A
- laterally flex vertebral column to the same side (unilaterally)
- fix the last rib during forced inhalation and exhalation (bilaterally)
- assist to extend vertebral column (bilaterally)
20
Q
Open-chain
A
Involve free movement of the distal body segment in space, allowing joints to move together or independently of others
21
Q
Closed chain
A
Involves proximal joint(s) moving in relation to a fixed (non moving) distal segment
22
Q
Resistance more than effort
A
Nothing happens, the body can’t move
23
Q
Resistance equals effort
A
Isometric contraction
24
Q
Effort more than resistance
A
Concentric or eccentric contraction
25
Resistance arm
Distance from the joint doing the work (action) to resistance
**the longer the resistance arm, the more effort the muscle has to exert to overcome this force**
26
Concentric contraction
Going against gravity
27
Eccentric contraction
Going with gravity
28
Attachments of sternocleidomastoid
- it says its attachment points = sternum, clavicle, mastoid process of temporal base of skull
- runs at an angle
- inferior (stationary) = sternum and clavicle
- superior = mastoid process of temporal bone
29
Innervation of sternocleidomastoid
Accessory nerve (CN VI) and C2-3
30
Actions of sternocleidomastoid
- laterally flex the head and neck to the same side (unilaterally)
- rotate the head and neck to the opposite side (unilaterally)
- flex the neck (bilaterally)
- assist to elevate the rib cage during inhalation (moving the inferior attachment, sternum, for respiration, inspiration)
31
Scalenes
- anterior
- middle
- posterior
- brachial plexus goes right through the anterior and middle scalenes
- if the muscles get tight, what happens? Squeezes the brachial plexus (leading to numbness and muscle weakness)
32
Attachments of scalenes
- inferior (stationary) = 1st and 2nd ribs
- superior = transverse processes of C-spine
33
Innervation of scalenes
Ventral rami
34
Actions of scalenes
- with ribs fixed, laterally flex the head and neck to the same side (unilaterally)
- rotate the head and neck to the opposite side (unilaterally)
- elevate ribs during inhalation (bilaterally with inferior attachment in movement)
- flex the head and neck (bilaterally)
35
Attachments of subclavius
- small little muscle that sits under the clavicle
- proximal = 1st rib
- distal = clavicle
36
Innervation of subclavius
Nerve to subclavius
37
Actions of subclavius
- lifts 1st rib in inhalation (important for respiration)
38
Linea alba
- connective tissue spanning from sternum to pubic symphysis
- an attachment point for abdominal muscles
39
Rectus abdominus
- encased in rectus sheath
- easy to move both attachments
- antagonists of erector muscles of back
40
Attachments of rectus abdominus
- inferior (stationary) = pubic symphysis
- superior = ribs
41
Innervation of rectus abdominus
Ventral rami
42
Actions of rectus abdominus
- flex the vertebral column (bilaterally)
43
Obliques
- internal and external obliques form abdominal wall
- internal deep to external
- important for compressing abdominal contents
- muscle fibers run in opposite directions
- internal and external are antagonists
- unilaterally muscle contraction on SAME side in rotation = ANTAGONISTS
- lateral flexion = AGONISTS
44
Attachments of obliques
- inferior (stationary) = iliac crest, linea alba
- superior = ribs
45
Innervation of obliques
Ventral rami
46
Actions of obliques
- laterally flex vertebral column to the same side (unilaterally)
- rotate vertebral column to the same side (unilaterally)
- flex the vertebral column (bilaterally)
- compress abdominal contents (bilaterally)
- external = bilaterally flex spine
- external = unilaterally rotate to opposite side (antagonists)
- internal = unilaterally rotate to same side (antagonists)
- laterally flex to the same side (unilaterally- agonists)
- when all contracts = stabilizes
47
Attachments of transverse abdominis
- deep to abdominal muscles
- wraps around at thoracolumbar fascia to rectus sheath and linea alba
48
Innervation of transverse abdominis
Ventral rami
49
Actions of transverse abdominis
- compress abdominal contents (stabilizer)
- stabilizes with lifting
50
Attachments of intercostals
- between ribs
51
Innervation of intercostals
Ventral rami
52
Actions of intercostals
- lifts and depresses ribs for respiration
53
Diaphragm
Forms the floor of thoracic cavity
54
Innervation of diaphragm
Phrenic nerve (C3-5)
55
Actions of diaphragm
- draw down the central tendon of the diaphragm
- increase the volume of thoracic cavity during inhalation (by contraction)
56
Inhalation
Ribs elevate
57
Expiration
Ribs depress
58
Inhalation muscles
- scalenes
- sternocleidomastoid
- serratus posterior superior
- subclavius
- pectoralis minor
59
Expiration muscles
- serratus posterior inferior
- quadratus lumborum
- rectus abdominus
60
Levator ani and coccygeus
- pelvic floor muscles
- continuous membrane of muscles that form the floor of pelvis (known as diaphragm)
- pelvic floor weakness occurs following birth (especially vagina birth)
- with all muscles, decrease in stretch and girth as we age
61
Innervation of levator ani and coccygeus
Sacral nerves
62
Actions of levator ani and coccygeus
- regulate urination and defection (actively)
- support reproductive organs (passively)
- stabilization
- preservation of control and ability to support pelvic organs against gravity both at rest and unexpected loads
