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Functional Anatomy > Knee And Ankle (7B) > Flashcards

Knee And Ankle (7B) Flashcards

1
Q

Bones and pertinent bony landmarks of the knee (leg)

A
  • lateral condyle
  • medial condyle
  • head of the fibula
  • tibial tuberosity
  • tibia
  • fibula
  • lateral malleolus
  • medial malleolus
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2
Q

Bones and pertinent bony landmarks of the foot

A

Tarsals (going from proximal row from the first digit area to the 5th digit area and make a backwards C to one more tarsal bone in distal row)
- medial cuneiform
- intermediate cuneiform
- lateral cuneiform
- cuboid
- navicular

  • talus
  • calacenus
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3
Q

Joints of the knee

A
  • tibiofemoral joint
  • patellofemoral joint
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4
Q

Tibiofemoral joint

A
  • hinge joint (but the knee also slightly rotates)
  • proximal surface of tibia is covered with menisci (meniscus = singular) which is similar to the TFCC articular disc in the wrist
  • little bone to bone contact, so the knee is supported by ligaments =
    • anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)
    • tibial collateral ligament (medial side) and fibula collateral ligament (lateral)
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5
Q

Patellofemoral joint

A
  • modified gliding joint
  • patella = largest sesamoid bone in the body
  • superior = quadriceps tendon
  • inferior = patellofemoral tendon
  • patella increases efficiency (angle of pull) of the quadriceps
  • as knee flexion increases, the more tight the patella becomes on the femur, as it glides distally
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6
Q

Joints of the ankle

A
  • talocrural joint
  • subtalar joint
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7
Q

Talocrural joint

A
  • hinge joint
  • talus bone of the ankle against the malleoli of leg bones
  • Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion (sagittal plane)
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8
Q

Subtalar joint

A
  • hinge joint but perpendicular to talocrural
  • between talus and calcaneus bones
  • eversion and inversion (frontal plane)
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9
Q

Joints of the foot

A
  • it mirrors the hand except it has MT joints (metatarsal-phalangeal) instead of MC joint
  • also called PIP and DIP joints
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10
Q

Knee muscle movers

A
  • two joint muscles
  • also moves the hip
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11
Q

Hamstring group

A

Medial to lateral:
- semimembranosus
- semitendinosus
- biceps femoris (long and short heads proximally)

the only one that is NOT a two-joint muscle of the hamstrings = short head of biceps femoris (cannot extend the hip)

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12
Q

Attachments of hamstring group

A
  • proximal = ischium (except for the short head of biceps femoris which attaches at posterior femur, not crossing the hip)
  • distal = semis on medial tibia and biceps on lateral fibula
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13
Q

Innervation of hamstring group

A
  • sciatic nerve
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14
Q

Actions of hamstring group

A
  • flex the knee
  • externally rotate the flexed knee
    Long head:
  • extend the hip
  • externally rotate the hip (assist)
  • tilt the pelvis posteriorly
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15
Q

Popliteus

A
  • “the key that unlocks the knee” = closed chain
  • in order to flex the knee, the knee needs to “unlock” from full extension (femur needs to rotate laterally - external rotation)
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16
Q

Attachments of popliteus

A
  • proximal = lateral condyle of femur
  • distal = proximal, posterior tibia
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17
Q

Innervation of popliteus

A
  • tibial nerve
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18
Q

Actions of popliteus

A
  • internally rotate the flexed knee
  • flex the knee
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19
Q

Quadriceps group

A
  • 4 muscles (quad)
  • vastus lateralis
  • vastus medialis
  • vastus intermedius
  • rectus femoris

only rectus femoris flexes the hip

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20
Q

Attachments of quadriceps group

A
  • proximal = vastus group on proximal femur and rectus femoris on ASIS
  • distal = all are on anterior tibia via the patellofemoral tendon
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21
Q

Innervation of quadriceps group

A
  • femoral nerve
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22
Q

Actions of quadriceps group

A
  • extend the knee
  • rectus femoris = flex the hip
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23
Q

Sartorius

A
  • 2-joint muscle that attaches at an angle
  • fusiform = long, thin muscle (which means lots of range of motion)
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24
Q

Attachments of sartorius

A
  • proximal = ASIS
  • distal = medial tibia
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25
Q

Innervation of sartorius

A
  • femoral nerve
26
Q

Actions of sartorius

A
  • flex the hip
  • extend the knee
  • externally rotate the hip
27
Q

Muscles of ankle dorsiflexor

A
  • tibialis anterior
  • extensor hallucis longus
  • extensor digitorum longus
28
Q

Attachments of tibialis anterior

A
  • proximal = lateral tibia
  • distal = medial cuneiform and 1st metatarsal (medial foot)
29
Q

Innervation of tibialis anterior

A
  • deep fibular nerve
30
Q

Actions of tibialis anterior

A
  • invert the foot
  • dorsiflex the ankle
31
Q

Attachments of extensor hallucis longus

A
  • the extensor pollicis longus equivalent in the leg
  • proximal = anterior fibula
  • distal = phalanx of 1st toe (great toe)
32
Q

Innervation of extensor hallucis longus

A
  • deep fibular nerve
33
Q

Actions of extensor hallucis longus

A
  • extend the 1st toe (MT and IP joints)
  • dorsiflex the ankle
  • invert the foot (agonist with tibialis anterior)
34
Q

Attachments of extensor digitorum longus

A
  • proximal = lateral condyle of tibia and anterior fibula
  • distal = middle and distal phalanges of toes 2-5
35
Q

Innervation of extensor digitorum longus

A
  • deep fibular nerve
36
Q

Actions of extensor digitorum longus

A
  • extend the 2nd through 5th toes (MT and IP joints)
  • dorsiflex the ankle
  • evert the foot (antagonists to tibialis anterior and extensor hallucis longus)
37
Q

Muscles of superficial plantar flexors

A
  • gastrocnemius
  • soleus
  • plantaris
38
Q

Attachments of gastrocnemius

A
  • two-joint muscle
  • proximal = medial and lateral condyle of femur (posteriorly)
  • distal = calcaneus via calcaneal tendon (AKA Achilles tendon)
39
Q

Innervation of gastrocnemius

A
  • tibial nerve
40
Q

Actions of gastrocnemius

A
  • flex the knee
  • plantar flex the ankle
41
Q

Attachments of soleus

A
  • proximal = posterior, proximal tibia and fibula
  • distal = calcaneus via calcaneal tendon (Achilles)
42
Q

Innervation of soleus

A
  • tibial nerve
43
Q

Actions of soleus

A
  • plantar flex the ankle
44
Q

Attachments of plantaris

A
  • the palmaris longus of the leg = still present in most people
  • proximal = lateral femur
  • distal = calcaneus via calcaneal (Achilles tendon)
45
Q

Innervation of plantaris

A
  • tibial nerve
46
Q

Actions of plantaris

A
  • weak plantar flexion of the ankle
  • weak flexion of the knee
47
Q

Muscles of deep plantar flexors

A
  • tibialis posterior
  • flexor hallucis longus
  • flexor digitorum longus
48
Q

Attachments of tibialis posterior

A
  • does not cross the knee
  • proximal = posterior tibia and fibular
  • distal = tarsal bones and 2-4 metatarsals
49
Q

Innervation of tibialis posterior

A
  • tibial nerve
50
Q

Actions of tibialis posterior

A
  • invert the foot
  • plantar flex the ankle

tibialis anterior and posterior in sagittal plane = antagonists
tibialis anterior and posterior in frontal plane = agonists

51
Q

Attachments of flexor hallucis longus

A
  • proximal = posterior fibula
  • distal = distal phalanx of 1st toe
52
Q

Innervation of flexor hallucis longus

A
  • tibial nerve
53
Q

Actions of flexor hallucis longus

A
  • flex the 1st toe
  • weak plantar flexion of the ankle
  • invert the foot

extensor hallucis longus and flexor hallucis longus in sagittal plane = antagonists
extensor hallucis longus and flexor hallucis longus in frontal plane = agonists

54
Q

Attachments of flexor digitorum longus

A
  • proximal = posterior tibia
  • distal = distal phalanges of digits 2-5 (no great toe)
55
Q

Innervation of flexor digitorum longus

A
  • tibial nerve
56
Q

Actions of flexor digitorum longus

A
  • flex 2nd-5th toes (MT and IP joints)
  • weak plantar flexion of the ankle
  • invert the foot
57
Q

Lateral compartment of plantar flexors

A
  • fibularis longus
  • fibularis brevis
58
Q

Attachments of fibularis longus and fibularis brevis

A
  • proximal = fibula
  • distal = 1st (longus) and 5th (brevis) MT

runs posteriorly to the lateral malleolus
often called peroneus muscles and perineal nerve in older textbooks

59
Q

Innervation of fibularis longus and fibularis brevis

A
  • superficial fibular nerve
60
Q

Actions of fibularis longus and fibularis brevis

A
  • evert the foot (much stronger than the action of plantar flexing the ankle)
  • plantar flex the ankle (assist)
61
Q

Pathways of nerves in the lower extremity

A
  • not required to know the sensory compartment for lower extremity
  • femoral nerve ends at the quad innervation (doesn’t go pass the knee)
  • all the nerves in the knee (leg) are extension of the sciatic nerve, even the ones on the anterior side (deep fibular) and lateral side (superficial fibular)

Ex question = if sciatic nerve gets impacted, you cannot do anything below the knee

Functional Anatomy (8 decks)

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