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Neuro > Spine > Flashcards

Spine Flashcards

1
Q

How many cervical vertebrae are there

A

7

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2
Q

How many thoracic vertebrae are there

A

12

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3
Q

How many lumbar vertebrae are there

A

5

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4
Q

How many sacrum vertebrae are there

A

5 - fused

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5
Q

How many coccyx vertebrae are there

A

4 - fused

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6
Q

Which of the vertebrae are fused

A

Sacrum
Coccyx

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7
Q

What is the basic common structure which all vertebrae share

A

Anterior vertebral body
Posterior vertebral arch

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8
Q

Describe the vertebral body

A

Forms anterior part of each vertebrae

Weight-bearing component - lower column has larger bodies than upper

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9
Q

What are the superior and inferior aspects of the vertebral body lined with

A

Hyaline cartilage

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10
Q

How are adjacent vertebral bodies separated

A

Fibrocartilaginous intervertebral disc

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11
Q

Describe the vertebral arch

A

Forms the lateral and posterior aspect of each vertebrae

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12
Q

What is the hole which the vertebral body and vertebral arch form

A

Vertebral foramen

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13
Q

Where do all foramina of the vertebrae line up to form

A

Vertebral canal - encloses the spinal cord

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14
Q

In the vertebrae what do the transverse processes articulate with

A

Ribs

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15
Q

What do the ribs articulate with

A

Transverse processes on the vertebrae

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16
Q

What are pedicles

A

Connect the vertebral body to the transverse processes

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17
Q

What are lamina

A

Connect the transverse and spinous processes

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18
Q

What are articular processes

A

Form joints between one vertebra and its superior and inferior counterparts

Located at the intersection of the laminae and pedicles

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19
Q

What are the features of cervical vertebrae

A

Bifid spinous processes

Opening in each transverse process

Triangular vertebral foramen

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20
Q

What travels through the openings in the transverse processes in cervical vertebrae

A

Vertebral arteries travel to the brain

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21
Q

Describe bifid processes in the cervical vertebrae

A

Spinous process bifurcates at the distal end

C1 - no spinous process
C7 spinous processes longer + may not bifurcate

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22
Q

Describe the thoracic vertebrae

A

Increase in size superior to inferior

Specialised function to articulate with the ribs

Two ‘demi facets’

Costal facet on transverse processes

Spinous processes orientated obliquely inferiorly and posteriorly

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23
Q

What do the thoracic vertebrae and ribs articulate to form

A

Bony thorax

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24
Q

Describe the demi facets of the thoracic vertebrae

A

Each has 2

Either side of the vertebral body

Articulate with the heads of two different ribs

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25
Q

Describe the lumbar vertebrae

A

Largest in vertebral column

Large vertebral bodies - kidney shaped

Lack characteristics of other vertebrae

Triangular-shaped vertebral foramen

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26
Q

Describe the sacrum

A

Collection of 5 fused vertebrae

Inverted triangle with apex pointing downwards

Lateral walls are facets for articulation with the pelvis at the sacroiliac joints

27
Q

Describe the coccyx

A

Small bone - articulates with the apex of the sacrum

Recognised by the lack of vertebral arches

No vertebral canal

28
Q

What type of joints are vertebral body joints

A

Cartilaginous

Designed for weight-bearing

29
Q

What are the articular surface of vertebrae covered and connected by

A

Covered by - hyaline cartilage

Connected by - intervertebral discs

30
Q

What are the ligaments which strengthen the vertebral body joints

A

Anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments

Run full length of the vertebral column

31
Q

Describe the anterior longitudinal ligament

A

Thick

Prevents hyperextension of the vertebral column

32
Q

Describe the posterior longitudinal ligament

A

Weaker

Prevents hyperflexion

33
Q

What is the name of the joints between articular facets

A

Facet joints

34
Q

What is the purpose of facet joints

A

Allow for some gliding motions between vertebrae

35
Q

What are the facet joints supported by

A

Ligamentum flavum

Interspinous and supraspinous

Intertransverse ligaments

36
Q

Where does the ilioinguinal nerve come off

A

L1

37
Q

Describe the ilioinguinal nerve

A

Sensory
- superior/antero/medial thigh
- roue of penis, anterior scrotum
- skin over mons pubis, labia majora

Motor
- internal obliques
- transverse abdominas

38
Q

Where does the genitofemoral nerve come off

A

L1 - L2

39
Q

Where does the genitofemoral nerve come off

A

L1 - L2

40
Q

Describe the genitofemoral nerve

A

Sensory
- anterior scrotum
- mons pubis, labia majora

Motor
- cremaster muscle

Femoral branch - skin to the upper anterior thigh

41
Q

Where does the lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh come off

A

L2 - L3

42
Q

Describe the lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh

A

No motor

Sensory
- anterior/lateral thigh down to the knee level

43
Q

Where does the obturator nerve come off

A

L2, L3, L4

44
Q

Describe the obturator nerve

A

Motor
- muscles of the medial thigh

Sensory
- skin of medial thigh

45
Q

Where does the femoral nerve come off

A

L2, L3, L4

46
Q

Describe the femoral nerve

A

Motor
- muscles of the anterior thigh

Sensory
- skin of the anterior thigh, medial leg

47
Q

What are the nerves of the lumbar plexus

A

Ilioinguinal

Genitofemoral

Lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh

Obturator nerve

Femoral nerve

48
Q

Where does the superior gluteal nerve come off

A

L4, L5, S1

49
Q

Describe the superior gluteal nerve

A

Motor
- gluteus minimums and Medius
- tensor fascia late

No sensory

50
Q

Where doe the inferior gluteal nerve come off

A

L5, S1, S2

51
Q

Describe the inferior gluteal nerve

A

Motor
- gluteus maximus

52
Q

Where does the sciatic nerve come off

A

L4, L5, S1, S2, S3

53
Q

Describe the sciatic nerve

A

Has a tibial and fibular portion

Motor
- muscles in posterior compartment of thigh
- hamstring compartment of adductor magnus
- all muscles in posterior compartment of leg
- sole of foot
- lateral and anterior compartment of leg
- extensor digitorum brevis

Sensory
- posterolateral leg
- lateral foot
- sole of foot
- skin of lateral leg
- dorsum of foot

54
Q

Where does the posterior femoral cutaneous nerve come off

A

S1, S2, S3

55
Q

Describe the posterior femoral cutaneous nerve

A

No motor

Sensory
- skin on posterior surface of thigh and leg
- skin on peritoneum

56
Q

Where does the pudendal nerve come off

A

S2, S3, S4

57
Q

Describe the pudendal nerve

A

Motor
- peritoneum
- external urethral sphincter
- external anal sphincter
- levator ani

Sensory
- innervates penis/clitoris
- most of the skin of the peritoneum

58
Q

Name the nerves of the sacral plexus

A

Superior gluteal nerves

Inferior gluteal nerves

Sciatic nerves

Posterior femoral cutaneous nerves

Pudendal

59
Q

What are the nerve routes of the cervical plexus

A

C1-4

Divided into two groups muscular and sensory

60
Q

What is the nerve from C3,4,5 anterior rami

A

Phrenic

61
Q

What does the phrenic nerve supply

A

Motor function to diaphragm

62
Q

What does the phrenic nerve supply

A

Motor function to diaphragm

63
Q

Describe the thoracic plexus

A

Not one

Nerves distributes cutaneous to dermatomes

Neuro (15 decks)

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