Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Neuro > Basal Ganglia - Physiology > Flashcards

Basal Ganglia - Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the basal ganglia

A

Consists of a number of subcortical nuclei

Grouping is related to funtion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the basic feedback circuit of the basal ganglia

A

Receives information from several sources - including the cortex

Feeds information back to the cortex via the thalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What can the components of the basal ganglia be divided into

A

Input nuclei

Output nuclei

Intrinsic nuclei

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the order of the nuclei components

A

Input nuclei receives information

Relayed to the intrinsic nuclei for processing

Further passed to the output nuclei

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the input nuclei

A

Caudate nucleus

Putamen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are intrinsic nuclei

A

External globus pallidus

Subthalamic nucleus

Pars compacta of the substantia nigra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the output nuclei

A

Internal globus pallidus

Pars reticula of the substantia nigra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Where are the caudate nucleus and putamen found

A

Telencephalon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the neostriatum

A

Collective term for the caudate nucleus and putamen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the globus pallidus divided into

A

External and internal domains

Functionally different

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Where does the subthalamic nucleus lie

A

Diencephalon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Where is the substantia nigra

A

Mesencephalon

Divided into two parts
- pars compacta
- pars recticularis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Where does the caudate nucleus lie

A

Forms the lateral wall of the lateral ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Is the caudate nucleus grey or white matter

A

Grey matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Where does the internal capsule lie

A

During development the caudate nucleus is separated from the putamen by this

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Is the internal capsule white or grey matter

A

White matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the lentiform nucleus

A

Globus pallidus

Putamen

Anatomically related

Share no functional relationship

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Is the lentiform nucleus grey or white matter

A

Grey matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What forms the lateral aspect of the lentiform nucleus

A

Putamen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What separates the internal and external globus pallidus

A

Medial medullary lamina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What separates the putamen and external globus pallidus

A

Lateral medullary lamina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Is the external capsule white or grey matter

A

White matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Is the claustrum part of the basal ganglia

A

No

Once thought to be part of it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Is the claustrum white or grey matter

A

Thin bundle of grey matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Is the extreme capsule white or grey matter

A

White matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Where is the subthalamic nucleus

A

Inferior to thalamus

Right above substantia nigra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the simple term of the function of the basal ganglia

A

Feedback mechanism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the main function of the basal ganglia

A

Motor refinement

Prevents exaggerated and excessive movements

Reducing excitatory input of the cerebral cortex

29
Q

What is another function of the basal ganglia

A

Modulating cognitive and emotional responses

30
Q

What is the role of the putamen

A

Motor loop

Receives inputs from motor and somatosensory cortices

Projects back to motor area

31
Q

What is the role of the caudate nucleus

A

Receives input from cortical association areas

Projects to prefrontal areas

32
Q

What is the role of the ventral striatum

A

Emotion

Receives inputs from the limbic system

33
Q

What is the arterial supply of the basal ganglia

A

Majority from the middle cerebral artery

34
Q

What are upper motor neurones

A

Motor command originates in motor cortex pyramidal cells - in layer 5,6 grey matter

35
Q

Define basal ganglia

A

A group of structures beneath the cortex that act as ‘gate keeper’ for control of motor systems (muscles)

36
Q

Where does the basal ganglia receive input from

A

Mainly excitatory

From many areas of the cortex

Glutamate - neurotransmitter

37
Q

What is the neurotransmitter basal ganglia receive inputs from

A

Glutamate

38
Q

What is the out put of the basal ganglia

A

Mainly inhibitory

39
Q

What is the neurotransmitter for the output of the basal ganglia

A

GABA

40
Q

What are the 5 principle nuclei of the basal ganglia

A

Substantia nigra (pars compacta and pars reticulata)

Caudate and putamen (striatum)

Globus pallidus (internal and external)

Subthalamic nucleus

41
Q

What are the conditions which lead to motor resources

A

Energy balance (feeding)

Fluid balance (drinking)

Threat (escape)

42
Q

What is the limbic system

A

Epicentre for emotional and behavioural expression

43
Q

What are the functions of the limbic system

A

5 Fs

Feeding - satiety and hunger

Forgetting - memory

Fighting - emotional response

Family - sexual reproduction and maternal instincts

Fornicating - sexual arousal

44
Q

What are the two lobes of the limbic system

A

Cortical (limbic lobe)

Subcortical

45
Q

What is the limbic lobe components

A

Orbital frontal cortex

Hippocampus

Insular cortex

Cingulate gyrus

Parahippocampal gyrus

46
Q

What is the role of the hippocampus

A

Long-term memory

47
Q

What is the role of the insular cortex

A

Desires

Cravings

Addictions

48
Q

What is the role of the cingulate gyrus

A

Neuropathic pain and nociception

49
Q

What is the role of the parahippocampal gyrus

A

Path for communication between cortical association areas and hippocampus

50
Q

What are the subcortical components

A

Amygdala

Olfactory bulb

Hypothalamus

Anterior and dorsalmedial nuclei of the thalamus

Septal nuclei

51
Q

What is the role of the amygdala

A

Fear

Anxiety responses

52
Q

What is the role of the olfactory bulb

A

Olfactory input about smells detected in nasal cavity

53
Q

What is the hypothalamus role in the limbic system

A

Final output

54
Q

Name the order of the circle of papez

A

Cingulate gyrus

Parahippocampal gyrus

Entorhinal cortex

Subiculum

Lateral and medial mammillary nuclei

Anterior thalamic nucleus

Internal capsule

Cingulate gyrus

55
Q

What is the uncus the home of

A

Amygdala

56
Q

What are the functions of the hypothalamus

A

Sexual arousal

Emotional response

Endocrine regulation

Sexual development

Thermoregulation

Regulation of satiety and hunger

Osmoregulation

57
Q

What is the basics of the limbic system

A

Collection of structures involved in processing emotion and memory

Includes the hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus

58
Q

What is the circle of papez

A

Interactions between the cerebral cortex and hypothalamus in order for emotional behaviour to be consciously perceived

59
Q

What is the detailed communication pathway of the circle of papez

A

Uses prefrontal and alveolar tracts

by fornix and fimbria - information can be transmitted to the mamillary bodies

Mamillary bodies communicate with the anterior thalamic nucleus

Internal capsule takes information from the thalamus to the cingulate gyrus - then returns impulses to the entorhinal area via the cingulum

60
Q

What is contained in the rostral (upper) part of the basal ganglia

A

Striatum - putamen, caudate nucleus

Globus pallidus - internal and external

61
Q

What is contained in the caudal (lower) part of the basal ganglia

A

Subthalamic nucleus

Substantia nigra

62
Q

What does not enough dopamine cause

A

Increased muscle tone

Reduced movements

63
Q

What does too much dopamine cause

A

Decreased muscle tone

Overshooting movements

64
Q

Is Parkinson’s disease too much or too little dopamine

A

Not enough

65
Q

Why is there not enough dopamine in Parkinsons disease

A

Loss of the substantia nigra

66
Q

Describe the pathology of parkinsons disease

A

Loss of substatia nigra means no stimulation of the striatum and globus pallidus and no stimulation to the subthalamic nucleus

Results in direct communication from the cortex to the striatum and globus pallidus to the thalamus

No control

Dishibition of inhibitory STN - increased overall inhibition of basal ganglia motor output

67
Q

What is the role of the substantia nigra

A

Dopaminergic nucleus which plays a critical role in modulating motor movement and reward functions

68
Q

What is the role of the striatum

A

Planning and modulation of movement pathways

Reward processing and motivation

Decision making

Working memory

Eye movements

Neuro (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions