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Neuro > Lobes and Features of the Brain > Flashcards

Lobes and Features of the Brain Flashcards

1
Q

Role of the frontal lobe

A

Primary motor and pre frontal cortex

Personality centre

  • motor function
  • problem solving
  • spontaneity
  • memory
  • language
  • judgement
  • personality
  • impulse control
  • social and sexual behaviour

Anterior portion (pre-frontal lobe) - higher cognitive functions and determination of personality

Posterior portions - motor and pre-motor area

Contains Brocas area

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2
Q

Broca’s area

A

Left inferior frontal gyrus (in frontal lobe)

Important for language production and comprehension

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3
Q

Temporal lobes

A

Primary auditory cortex
Auditory association cortex

Contains Wernicke’s area, hippocampus and amygdala

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4
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

Located superior temporal gyrus of the left hemisphere

Understanding the spoken word

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5
Q

Where is the auditory cortex located

A

Lateral (Sylvian) fissure

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6
Q

Parietal Lobes

A

Primary somatosensory cortex and association cortex

Dominant lobe (normally left)
- perception
- interpretation of sensory information
- formation of idea of complex, meaningful motor response

Supramarginal and angular gyrus (of dominant lobe)
- Language and mathematical operations

Non-dominant lobe (usually right)
- visuospatial functions

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7
Q

Occipital Lobes

A

Primary visual and visual association cortex

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8
Q

Cerebellum

A

Motor control of equilibrium
Posture and muscle tone
Movement co-ordination

Two lobes - one either side of the medulla. Joined by = central vermis

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9
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

Large bundle of white matter connecting the two hemispheres

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10
Q

Where are the olfactory tracts

A

Run on the inferior surface of the frontal lobes

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11
Q

Mammillary bodies

A

Form part of the hypothalamus

Role in memory

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12
Q

Limbic system

A

Surrounds medial margin of the hemisphere

Emotion, memory, behaviour and olfaction

Includes
- hippocampus - long term memory formation
- fornix
- amygdala - reward and fear (motivationally significant stimuli)

Operates by influencing the endocrine system and autonomic nervous system

Highly interconnected with the brains pleasure centre - the nucleus accumbens
- role in sexual arousal and the high experience in recreational drugs

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13
Q

Cisterns

A

Subarachnoid cisterns are not anatomically separate

Only a porous wall that has numerous openings or various sizes separates cisterns

All arteries, veins and cranial nerves if the brain must pass through the subarachnoid space to leave the skull

They carrier there meningeal layer until the point at which they leave the skull

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14
Q

Blood brain barrier

A

Surface of brain arteries lie in subarachnoid space

As vessels pass into the substances of the brain they take with them prolongations of the pia mater and some of the subarachnoid space

Vessels penetrate the brain deeper
- tunica media thins
- prolongation of the subarachnoid space narrows

Level of capillary network
- Basement membranes of the endothelial cells and of the pia fuse

Pia acts as a barrier between the blood vessels and neurological tissue

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15
Q

What contributes to the blood brain barrier (3)

A
  1. Endothelial cells of the capillaries
  2. Basement membrane - lies between the endothelial cells and the astrocytic end-feet and is formed from the true basement membrane and the pia
  3. Astrocytic end-feet
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16
Q

Name the circle of Willis from the bottom (Vertebral arteries)

A

2 vertebral arteries

  • branch posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA)

vertebral arteries join

Branches
- anterior inferior cerebellar artery

Become basilar artery

Branches
- superior cerebellar artery
- posterior cerebral artery

Circle
- Posterior communicating artery

Branch
- Internal carotid artery (coming in)
- middle cerebral artery (coming off the lateral side)
Further up
- anterior cerebellar artery

Circle
- anterior communicating artery

17
Q

What is the order which CSF passes

A

Lateral ventricles

Interventricular foramen

3rd ventricle

Backwards through cerebral aqueduct

4th ventricle

Communicates with subarachnoid space via
- median foramen of Magendie
- lateral foramen of Luschka

Through these CSF passes out to occupy and subarachnoid space around the brain and the spinal cord

18
Q

Production of CSF

A

Invagination vessels into the ventricles produces a vascular fold of pia mater covered by epithelium derived from the ependymal lining of the ventricle = choroid plexus

Tight junctions - prevent passage of fluid from extracellular space of the choroid plexus into the ventricles except via the choroid cells themselves

Enables close control over the volume and composition of CSF

19
Q

Arachnoid Villi

A

Reabsorption of the CSF into venous drainage occurs via tufts of arachnoid mater

Advancing age = villi calcify = arachnoid granulations

Prescence tends to cause bone to be reabsorbed along the internal surface of the cranial vault near the midline = small-pit like structures

20
Q

Levator palpebrae superioris

A

Is a thin muscle located in the bony orbit above the eyeball

Originates at the posterior of the orbit at the common tendinous ring and inserts into the upper eyelid

Facilitates movements of the eye by elevating and retracting the upper eyelid and allowing unhindered upward gaze

Array of facial expressions

21
Q

Lacrimal Gland

A

Tear gland

Exocrine gland

Located above the eyeball - anterior part of the upper outer aspect of each orbit

Secretes lacrimal fluid (tear fluid) - a watery fluid isotonic to plasma, onto the surface of the eyeball

Fluid form aqueous portion of the multilayered tear film
- lubricates
- protects
- provides nutrients to the conjunctiva and cornea

Lacrimal fluid drains into a series of ducts into the nasal cavity

Just inside of the lateral margin of the orbit adjacent to the lateral margin of the levator palpebrea superiors

22
Q

Cerebellum

A

Largest part of the hindbrain

Coordination of movement and balance

23
Q

Red nucleus

A

A circular mass of grey matter ventro-lateral to the cerebral aqueduct - may be pink (due to iron) in a fresh specimen

24
Q

Substantia Nigra

A

A black band of nerve cells overlying the crus cerebri (cerebral peduncles), ventro-lateral to the red nucleus on each side

Production of dopamine

Neuro (15 decks)

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