Spinal Cord & Spinal Nerves

Question 1

three layers of protective tissue around the brain

Answer 1

meninges

Question 2

tough outermost membrane enveloping the brain and spinal cord

Answer 2

dura mater

Question 3

a fine, delicate membrane, the middle one of the three membranes or meninges that surround the brain and spinal cord, situated between the dura mater and the pia mater

Answer 3

arachnoid

Question 4

the delicate innermost membrane enveloping the brain and spinal cord

Answer 4

pia mater

Question 5

area between the dura mater (a membrane) and the vertebral wall, containing fat and small blood vessels. the space is located just outside the dural sac which surrounds the nerve roots and is filled with cerebrospinal fluid.

Answer 5

epidural space

Question 6

corresponds with the attachments of the large nerves which supply the upper limbs. it extends from about the fifth cervical to the first thoracic vertebra

Answer 6

cervical enlargement

Question 7

a widened area of the spinal cord that gives attachment to the nerves which supply the lower limbs. it commences about the level of T11 and ends at S2

Answer 7

lumbar enlargement

Question 8

the tapered, lower end of the spinal cord. it occurs near lumbar vertebral levels 1 (L1) and 2 (L2), occasionally lower

Answer 8

conus medullaris

Question 9

(from Latin horse’s tail) is a bundle of spinal nerves and spinal nerve rootlets, consisting of the second through fifth lumbar nerve pairs, the first through fifth sacral nerve pairs, and the coccygeal nerve, all of which arise from the lumbar enlargement and the conus medullaris of the spinal cord

Answer 9

cauda equina

Question 10

(“terminal thread”) is a delicate strand of fibrous tissue, about 20 cm in length, proceeding downward from the apex of the conus medullaris. it is one of the modifications of pia mater

Answer 10

filum terminale

Question 11

a groove along the anterior midline of the spinal cord that incompletely divides it into symmetrical halves. —(ventral median fissure)

Answer 11

anterior median fissure

Question 12

a shallow groove along the midline of the posterior part of the spinal cord that separates the two posterior funiculi and is the external boundary of the posterior median septum

Answer 12

posterior median sulcus

Question 13

is the front column of grey matter in the spinal cord. contains cell bodies of alpha motor neurons, which innervate skeletal muscle to cause movement

Answer 13

anterior gray horns

Question 14

the back column of grey matter. receives several types of sensory information from the body, including fine touch, proprioception, and vibration

Answer 14

posterior gray horns

Question 15

a thin strip of grey matter that surrounds the central canal of the spinal cord and, along with the anterior white commissure, connects the two halves of the cord

Answer 15

gray commissure

Question 16

the cerebrospinal fluid-filled space that runs longitudinally through the length of the entire spinal cord

Answer 16

central canal

Question 17

large bundle of fibers located between the anterior median fissure of the spinal cord and the anterolateral sulcus of the spinal cord

Answer 17

anterior white column

Question 18

largest column in the spinal cord, which is located between the posterior median sulcus of the spinal cord and the dorsolateral fasciculus of the spinal cord

Answer 18

posterior white column

Question 19

the fiber tract located between the anterolateral sulcus of the spinal cord and the posterolateral sulcus of the spinal cord

Answer 19

lateral white column

Question 20

a mixed nerve, which carries motor, sensory, and autonomic signals between the spinal cord and the body

Answer 20

spinal nerve

Question 21

travels to the dorsal root ganglion, sensory nerve fibers enter the spinal cord here (posterior)

Answer 21

dorsal root

Question 22

a cluster of neurons (a ganglion) in a dorsal root of a spinal nerve. the cell bodies of sensory neurons known as first-order neurons are located

Answer 22

dorsal root ganglion

Question 23

efferent motor root of a spinal nerve (anterior)

Answer 23

ventral root

Question 24

bilateral thickenings of the collagen component of pia mater. has a lateral extension that attaches to dura mater and thus provides a means of suspending the spinal cord in subarachnoid fluid within the subarachnoid space

Answer 24

denticulate ligaments

Question 25

is the posterior division of a spinal nerve. is the dorsal branch of a spinal nerve that forms from the dorsal root of the nerve after it emerges from the spinal cord. carries information that supplies muscles and sensation to the human back.

Answer 25

posterior ramus

Question 26

is the anterior division of a spinal nerve. supply the antero-lateral parts of the trunk and the limbs. they are mainly larger than the dorsal rami

Answer 26

anterior ramus

Question 27

carry preganglionic sympathetic fibers from the spinal nerves to the sympathetic ganglia (w). carry postganglionic sympathetic fibers from the sympathetic ganglia to the spinal nerves (g).

Answer 27

rami communicantes (white & gray ramus)

Question 28

the ganglia of the sympathetic nervous system. they deliver information to the body about stress and impending danger, and are responsible for the familiar fight-or-flight response. located just ventral and lateral to the spinal cord

Answer 28

sympathetic chain ganglion

Question 29

a network of nerve fibres that supplies innervation to some of the structures in the neck and trunk

Answer 29

cervical plexus

Question 30

nerve that originates in the neck (C3–C5) and passes down between the lung and heart to reach the diaphragm

Answer 30

phrenic nerve

Question 31

a network (plexus) of nerves (formed by the ventral ramus of the lower four cervical nerves and first thoracic nerve (C5, C6, C7, C8, and T1). this plexus extends from the spinal cord, through the cervicoaxillary canal in the neck, over the first rib, and into the armpit

Answer 31

brachial plexus

Question 32

a nerve of the human body, that originates from the brachial plexus (upper trunk, posterior division, posterior cord) at the level of the axilla (armpit) and carries nerve fibers from C5 and C6. innervates the teres minor and the deltoid muscles

Answer 32

axillary nerve

Question 33

one of the five main nerves originating from the brachial plexus. is the only nerve that passes through the carpal tunnel. the main nerve of the front of the forearm.innervates all of the flexors in the forearm except flexor carpi ulnaris and that part of flexor digitorum profundus that supplies the fourth and fifth digits.

Answer 33

median nerve

Question 34

originates from the lateral cord of the brachial plexus. The nerve innervates the biceps, brachialis, and coracobrachialis muscles

Answer 34

musculocutaneous nerve

Question 35

innervates the medial and lateral heads of the triceps brachii muscle of the arm (back)

Answer 35

radial nerve

Question 36

largest unprotected nerve in the human body (meaning unprotected by muscle or bone), so injury is common (haha funny bone. you hit this a lot) controls the fine movements of the fingers (front)

Answer 36

ulnar nerve

Question 37

a branch of the radial nervea nerve in the forearm. is the continuation of the deep branch of the radial nerve, after this has crossed the supinator muscle

Answer 37

posterior interosseous nerve

Question 38

(a nervous plexus) in the lumbar region of the body which forms part of the larger lumbosacral plexus. it is formed by the divisions of the first four lumbar nerves (L1-L4) and from contributions of the subcostal nerve (T12), which is the last thoracic nerve

Answer 38

lumbar plexus

Question 39

major nerve supplying the anterior compartment of the thigh. It is the largest branch of the lumbar plexus

Answer 39

femoral nerve

Question 40

enters the thigh, through the obturator canal, and divides into an anterior and a posterior branch, which are separated at first by some of the fibers of the obturator externus, and lower down by the adductor brevis. is responsible for the sensory innervation of the skin of the medial aspect of the thigh

Answer 40

obturator nerve

Question 41

a nerve plexus which provides motor and sensory nerves for the posterior thigh, most of the lower leg and foot, and part of the pelvis

Answer 41

sacral plexus

Question 42

the main nerve of the perineum

Answer 42

pudendal nerve

Question 43

a large nerve in humans and other vertebrate animals which begins in the lower part of the sacral plexus and runs through the hip joint and down the lower limb. It is the longest and widest single nerve in the human body, going from the top of the leg to the foot on the posterior aspect. provides the connection to the nervous system for nearly the whole of the skin of the leg, the muscles of the back of the thigh, and those of the leg and foot

Answer 43

sciatic nerve

Question 44

a branch of the sciatic nerve. travels through the popliteal fossa, giving off branches to muscles in the superficial posterior compartment of the leg.

Answer 44

tibial nerve

Question 45

one of two main muscular branches of the sciatic nerve. a nerve in the lower leg that provides sensation over the posterolateral part of the leg and the knee joint. damaged or compressed, foot drop can be the end result

Answer 45

common fibular nerve

Question 46

a condition of muscular weakness caused by nerve damage or disease; partial paralysis

Answer 46

paresis

Question 47

refers to various types of paralysis, often accompanied by weakness and the loss of feeling and uncontrolled body movements such as shaking

Answer 47

palsy

Question 48

excessive physical sensitivity, especially of the skin

Answer 48

hyperesthesia

Question 49

a common side effect of various medical conditions which manifests as a reduced sense of touch or sensation, or a partial loss of sensitivity to sensory stimuli. in everyday speech this is generally referred to as numbness

Answer 49

hypoesthesia