Axial Skeleton Flashcards
in the middle of the skull towards the front, in front of the temporal bone and the basilar part of the occipital bone
sphenoid bone
separates the nasal cavity from the brain. It is located at the roof of the nose, between the two orbits
ethmoid bone
a small bone forming part of the eye socket
lacrimal bone
placed side by side at the middle and upper part of the face and by their junction, form the bridge of the nose
nasal bone
(cheekbone or malar bone) is a paired irregular bone which articulates with the maxilla, the temporal bone, the sphenoid bone and the frontal bone
zygomatic bone
the jaw or jawbone, specifically the upper jaw
maxilla
he jaw or a jawbone, especially the lower jawbone
mandible
together with the maxillae they comprise the hard palate
palatine bone
ocated in the midsagittal line, and articulates with the sphenoid, the ethmoid, the left and right palatine bones, and the left and right maxillary bones
vomer
one of the three paired nasal conchae in the nose. It extends horizontally along the lateral wall of the nasal cavity (the lowest one)
inferior nasal concha
ear canal
external auditory meatus
conical prominence of the temporal bone behind the ear, to which neck muscles are attached, and which has air spaces linked to the middle ear.
mastoid process
a slender pointed piece of bone just below the ear. It projects down and forward from the inferior surface of the temporal bone, and serves as an anchor point for several muscles associated with the tongue and larynx
styloid process
a projection of the temporal bone
zygomatic process
the passageway in the temporal bone through which the internal carotid artery enters the middle cranial fossa from the neck
carotid foramen
a large foramen (aperture) in the base of the skull. It is located behind the carotid canal and is formed in front by the petrous portion of the temporal bone, and behind by the occipital bone
jugular foramen
a canal within the petrous part of the temporal bone of the skull between the posterior cranial fossa and the inner ear
internal auditory meatus
a sieve-like partition between the olfactory bulb and nasal passage
cribriform plate
also known as the cribriform foramina (cribr- is “a sieve” in Greek), is the grouping of holes located on the cribriform plate
olfactory foramina
medial surface of the labyrinth of ethmoid consists of a thin lamella, which descends from the under surface of the cribriform plate, and ends below in a free, convoluted margin
middle nasal concha
back part of the medial surface of the labyrinth of ethmoid is subdivided by a narrow oblique fissure, the superior meatus of the nose, bounded above by a thin, curved plate
superior nasal concha
a circular hole in the sphenoid bone
foramen rotundum
one of the larger of the several holes (the foramina) that transmit nerves through the skull. situated in the posterior part of the sphenoid bone, posterolateral to the foramen rotundum.
foramen ovale
a depression in the sphenoid bone, containing the pituitary gland
sella turcica
a thick, horizontal process of the maxilla. It forms the anterior three quarters of the hard palate, the horizontal plate of the palatine bone making up the rest
palatine process of maxilla
a ridge on the inferior surface, and on the mandible it is a ridge on the superior surface. It makes up the thickest part of the maxillae. the lining of the tooth socket or alveolus
alveoli of mandible + maxilla
the process on the human mandible and some other species’ mandibles that ends in a condyle, the mandibular condyle. It is thicker than the coronoid process of the mandible and consists of two portions: the condyle and the constricted portion which supports it, the neck.
condylar processes of mandible
a thin horizontal bony plate made up of two bones of the facial skeleton, located in the roof of the mouth. the bony front part of the palate.
hard palate
the bone and cartilage in the nose that separates the nasal cavity into the two nostrils
nasal septum
the cavity or socket of the skull in which the eye and its appendages are situated
orbit
the opening to the optic canal. The canal is located in the sphenoid bone; it is bounded medially by the body of the sphenoid and laterally by the lesser wing of the sphenoid
optic foramen
a foramen in the skull, although strictly it is more of a cleft, lying between the lesser and greater wings of the sphenoid bone
superior orbital fissure
lies in the floor of the orbit inferior to the superior orbital fissure and it is bounded superiorly by the greater wing of sphenoid
inferior orbital fissure
one of the four pairs of paranasal sinuses that are situated behind the brow ridges. Sinuses are mucosa-lined airspaces within the bones of the face and skull
frontal sinus
is part of the paranasal sinus system and is located between the nose and eyes. It is very small at birth and becomes walnut-sized during puberty
ethmoidal sinus
one of the four paranasal sinuses, which are sinuses located near the nose. the largest of the paranasal sinuses. located below the cheeks, above the teeth and on the sides of the nose
maxillary sinus
situated back of the nose in the sphenoidal bone, which forms a forward part of the base of the skull and contains the depression, or fossa, for the pituitary gland. The sinuses are separated from each other by a bony wall
sphenoidal sinus
a U-shaped bone in the neck which supports the tongue
hyoid
the vertebrae of the neck, immediately below the skull
cervical vertebrae (7)
the middle segment of the vertebral column, between the cervical vertebrae and the lumbar vertebrae. they are intermediate in size between the cervical and lumbar vertebrae; they increase in size going towards the lumbar vertebrae, with the lower ones being a lot larger than the upper
thoracic vertebrae (12)
five vertebrae between the rib cage and the pelvis. They are the largest segments of the vertebral column and are characterized by the absence of the foramen transversarium within the transverse process (since it is only found in the cervical region) and by the absence of facets on the sides of the body (as found only in the thoracic region)
lumbar vertebrae (5)
the thick oval segment of bone forming the front of the vertebra also called the centrum
vertebral body
a stub of bone that connects the lamina to the vertebral body to form the vertebral arch. Two short, stout processes extend from the sides of the vertebral body and joins with broad flat plates of bone (laminae) to form a hollow archway that protects the spinal cord
pedicle
one on each side of the vertebral body, project from either side at the point where the lamina joins the pedicle, between the superior and inferior articular processes. They also serve for the attachment of muscles and ligaments, in particular the intertransverse ligaments
transverse body
plates of bone that form the posterior walls of each vertebra, enclosing the spinal cord
lamina
a bony projection off the posterior (back) of each vertebra. protrudes where the laminae of the vertebral arch join and provides the point of attachment for muscles and ligaments of the spine
spinous process
(or neural arch) is the posterior part of a vertebra. It consists of a pair of pedicles and a pair of laminae, and supports seven processes: four articular processes.
vertebral arch
the foramen (opening) formed by the anterior segment (the body), and the posterior part, the vertebral arch. begins at cervical vertebra #1 (C1 or atlas) and continues inferior to lumbar vertebra #5 (L5)
vertebral foramen
from the junctions of the pedicles and laminæ. project upward, and their articular surfaces are directed more or less backward
superior articular process
a posterior facing, slightly concave surface on the superior articular process. It articulates with the inferior articular facet on the vertebra above
superior articular facet
spring from the junctions of the pedicles and laminæ. project downward, and their surfaces look more or less forward.
inferior articular processes
the articular surface of the inferior articular process of vertebrae, articulating with the superior articular facet of the vertebra below to form a zygapophysial joint
inferior articular facet
Within the context of thoracic vertebrae, the head of a rib is joined to two thoracic vertebrae via costal demifacets; half of the facet is on the superior vertebra. The demifacet may be semilunar or semicircular
superior demifacet (thoracic)
Within the context of thoracic vertebrae, the head of a rib is joined to two thoracic vertebrae via costal demifacets; half of the facet is on the inferior vertebra. The demifacet may be semilunar or semicircular
inferior demifacet (thoracic)
the most superior (first) cervical vertebra of the spine. it supports the globe of the head which is the skull. the topmost vertebra and with the axis forms the joint connecting the skull and spine
atlas (c1)
the second cervical vertebra (C2) of the spine
axis (c2)
a blunt tooth–like process that projects upward on the axis. provides a type of pivot and collar allowing the head and atlas to rotate around it.
dens
a foramen in each transverse process of a cervical vertebra through which the vertebral artery and vertebral vein pass in each cervical vertebra except the seventh
transverse foramina
the foramen (opening) formed by the anterior segment (the body), and the posterior part, the vertebral arch
vertebral foramina
any of the openings on the left and right side of the spinal column between vertebrae that is formed by a superior and inferior notch in the pedicles of contiguous vertebrae and gives passage to the spinal nerves from the spinal canal.
intervertebral foramina
oval-shaped, superior projections located on both sides of the sacral canal. On the posterior surface of each process is a concave facet. The facets articulate with inferior articular facets on the fifth lumbar vertebra (L5) above.
superior articular processes of sacrum
the inferior end of the vertebral canal running through most of the sacrum
sacral canal
any of 16 openings in the sacrum of which there are four on each side of the dorsal surface giving passage to the posterior branches of the sacral nerves and four on each side of the pelvic surface giving passage to the anterior branches of the sacral nerves
sacral foramen
the upper end of the sacrum that articulates with the body of the fifth lumbar vertebra in the midline plus the superior aspects of the alae on either side
base of sacrum
the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacrococcygeal curves. The thoracic and sacrococcygeal curves are primary curves retained from the original fetal curvature
4 normal curvatures of vertebral column
a sideways curvature of the spine that occurs most often during the growth spurt just before puberty. think snake
scoliosis
Also called: swayback. A curving inward of the lower back. causes an unusually large, inward arch on the lower back, just above the buttocks. The condition may cause lower back pain.
lordosis
Also called: hunchback. A forward rounding of the back. an abnormally curved spine. It’s most common in older women and often related to osteoporosis.
kyphosis
the broad upper part of the sternum. joins with the body of the sternum, the clavicles and the cartilages of the first pair of ribs. The inferior border, oval and rough, is covered with a thin layer of cartilage for articulation with the body.
manibrium of sternum
the smallest and most inferior region of the sternum, or breastbone. At birth, it is a thin, roughly triangular region of cartilage that slowly ossifies into a bone and fuses with the body of the sternum.
xiphoid process of sternum
suprasternal notch. a large, visible dip in between the neck and the two collarbones. found at the superior border of the manubrium of the sternum, between the clavicular notches.
jugular notch
or breastbone is a long flat bone located in the central part of the chest. It connects to the ribs via cartilage and forms the front of the rib cage, thus helping to protect the heart, lungs, and major blood vessels from injury.
body of sternum
The first seven ribs attach to the sternum (the breast bone) in the front
true ribs (7)
The lower five ribs do not directly connect to the sternum
false ribs (5)
the two lowermost, the eleventh and twelfth rib pairs; so-called because they are attached only to the vertebrae–and not to the sternum or cartilage of the sternum. These ribs are relatively small and delicate, and include a cartilaginous tip
floating ribs (2)
articulates with the demifacet of vertebra
head of rib
On the posterior surface at the junction of the neck and body of the rib, and nearer the lower than the upper border, is an eminence. it consists of an articular and a non-articular portion.
tubercle of rib
a small, oval surface for articulation on rib
articular part of tubercle
articulates with the costal facet, located on the transverse process of the more posterior vertebra
facet on transverse process for articular part of tubercle
literally means porous bone, is a disease in which the density and quality of bone are reduced. As bones become more porous and fragile, the risk of fracture is greatly increased. The loss of bone occurs silently and progressively. Often there are no symptoms until the first fracture occurs.
osteoporosis