Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A&P > Brain & Cranial Nerves > Flashcards

Brain & Cranial Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

three layers of protective tissue called the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater that surround the neuraxis

A

meninges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

tough outermost membrane enveloping the brain and spinal cord.

A

dura mater

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

delicate innermost membrane enveloping the brain and spinal cord.

A

pia mater

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

named for its spiderweb-like appearance, is a thin, transparent membrane surrounding the spinal cord like a loosely fitting sac.

A

arachnoid mater

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

a long, thin, tubular structure made up of nervous tissue, which extends from the medulla oblongata in the brainstem to the lumbar region of the vertebral column. it encloses the central canal

A

spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

a long stem-like structure located in the brainstem. It is anterior and partially inferior to the cerebellum. It is a cone-shaped neuronal mass responsible for autonomic (involuntary) functions ranging from vomiting to sneezing.

A

medulla oblongata

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

part of the brainstem that links the medulla oblongata and the thalamus. is involved in the control of breathing, communication between different parts of the brain, and sensations such as hearing, taste, and balance

A

pons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

(“little brain”) is a structure that is located at the back of the brain, underlying the occipital and temporal lobes of the cerebral cortex. receives information from the sensory systems, the spinal cord, and other parts of the brain and then regulates motor movements. coordinates voluntary movements such as posture, balance, coordination, and speech, resulting in smooth and balanced muscular activity.

A

cerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

(Latin for “tree of life”) is the cerebellar white matter, so called for its branched, tree-like appearance.

A

arbor vitae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

connect the cerebellum to the brain stem. there are six

A

cerebellar peduncles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

structures at the front of the midbrain which arise from the front of the pons and contain the large ascending (sensory) and descending (motor) nerve tracts that run to and from the cerebrum from the pons. composed of white matter and contain important ascending sensory fibers

A

cerebral peduncles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

midbrain, portion of the brainstem that connects the hindbrain and the forebrain. portion of the central nervous system associated with vision, hearing, motor control, sleep/wake, arousal (alertness), and temperature regulation.

A

misencephalon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

the four colliculi—two inferior, two superior—located on the tectum of the dorsal aspect of the midbrain.

A

corpora quadrigemina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

a structure in the midbrain that is part of the brain circuit for the transformation of sensory input into movement output.

A

superior colliculus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

is the principal midbrain nucleus of the auditory pathway and receives input from several peripheral brainstem nuclei in the auditory pathway, as well as inputs from the auditory cortex.

A

inferior colliculus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

a small, pea-shaped gland in the brain. it produces and regulates melatonin.

A

pineal gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

a small region of the brain. It’s located at the base of the brain, near the pituitary gland. plays a crucial role in many important functions, including: releasing hormones. regulating body temperature.

A

hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

an important gland in the body and it is often referred to as the ‘master gland’, because it controls several of the other hormone glands

A

pituitary gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

a pair of small round bodies, located on the undersurface of the brain that, as part of the diencephalon, form part of the limbic system. located at the ends of the anterior arches of the fornix.

A

mammillary bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

a small structure within the brain located just above the brain stem between the cerebral cortex and the midbrain and has extensive nerve connections to both. relay motor and sensory signals to the cerebral cortex.

A

thalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

or middle commissure. a flattened band of tissue that connects both parts of the thalamus at their medial surfaces.

A

intermediate mass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

a C-shaped bundle of nerve fibers in the brain that acts as the major output tract of the hippocampus. also carries some afferent fibres to the hippocampus from structures in the diencephalon and basal forebrain. part of the limbic system.

A

fornix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

also callosal commissure, is a wide, thick nerve tract consisting of a flat bundle of commissural fibers, beneath the cerebral cortex in the brain. interconnect the two hemispheres. integrate motor, sensory, and cognitive performances between the cerebral cortex on one side of the brain to the same region on the other side.

A

corpus callosum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

a group of subcortical nuclei, situated at the base of the forebrain and top of the midbrain.

A

basal nuclei

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

a ridge or fold between two clefts on the cerebral surface in the brain.

A

gyrus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

a groove or furrow, especially one on the surface of the brain.

A

sulcus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

darker tissue of the brain and spinal cord, consisting mainly of nerve cell bodies and branching dendrites.

A

gray matter

28
Q

areas of the central nervous system (CNS) that are mainly made up of myelinated axons, also called tracts.

A

white matter

29
Q

is the deep groove that separates the two hemispheres of the vertebrate brain.

A

longitudinal fissure

30
Q

divides both the frontal lobe and parietal lobe above from the temporal lobe below.

A

lateral cerebral sulcus

31
Q

the part of the brain that controls important cognitive skills in humans, such as emotional expression, problem solving, memory, language, judgment, and sexual behaviors.

A

frontal lobe

32
Q

located at the bottom of the brain below the lateral fissure. location of the primary auditory cortex, which is important for interpreting the sounds and language we hear.

A

temporal lobe

33
Q

positioned above the temporal lobe and behind the frontal lobe and central sulcus. important in language processing.

A

parietal lobe

34
Q

the visual processing center

A

occipital lobe

35
Q

a small region of the cerebral cortex located deep within the lateral sulcus, which is a large fissure that separates the frontal and parietal lobes from the temporal lobe.

A

insula

36
Q

found in the occipital lobe in both cerebral hemispheres. highly specialized for processing information about static and moving objects and is excellent in pattern recognition.

A

primary visual cortex

37
Q

located in the frontal lobe of the brain, along a bump called the precentral gyrus. generate neural impulses that control the execution of movement.

A

primary motor cortex

38
Q

located in a ridge of cortex called the postcentral gyrus, which is found in the parietal lobe. situated just posterior to the central sulcus. concerned with the conscious perception of touch, pressure, pain, temperature, position, movement, and vibration, which arise from the muscles, joints, skin, and fascia.

A

primary somatosensory cortex

39
Q

is located on the superior temporal gyrus in the temporal lobe and receives point-to-point input from the ventral division of the medial geniculate complex

A

primary auditory area

40
Q

a plexus of cells that produces the cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles of the brain.

A

choroid plexus

41
Q

the two largest cavities of the ventricular system of the human brain and contain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). left and right

A

lateral ventricles

42
Q

one of four connected fluid-filled cavities comprising the ventricular system within the mammalian brain. a median cleft in the diencephalon between the two thalami, and is filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). It is in the midline, between the left and right lateral ventricles.

A

third ventricle

43
Q

within the midbrain. contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and connects the third ventricle to the fourth ventricle, located dorsal to the pons and ventral to the cerebellum.

A

cerebral aqueduct

44
Q

one of four connected fluid-filled cavities comprising the ventricular system within the mammalian brain. to protect the human brain from trauma (via a cushioning effect) and to help form the central canal, which runs the length of the spinal cord. this ventricle has a roof and a floor.

A

fourth ventricle

45
Q

allows blood to drain from the lateral aspects of anterior cerebral hemispheres

A

superior sagittal sulcus

46
Q

small protrusions of the arachnoid mater (the thin second layer covering the brain) into the outer membrane of the dura mater (the thick outer layer).

A

arachnoid villi

47
Q

located in the forebrain of vertebrates that receives neural input about odours detected by cells in the nasal cavity.

A

olfactory bulbs

48
Q

a bilateral bundle of afferent nerve fibers from the mitral and tufted cells of the olfactory bulb that connects to several target regions in the brain

A

olfactory tracts

49
Q

the first cranial nerve and conveys special sensory information related to smell. it is the shortest of the cranial nerves and passes from its receptors in the nasal mucosa to the forebrain. it enters the skull through the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone.

A

olfactory nerves

50
Q

CN II. transmits visual information from the retina to the brain.

A

optic nerves

51
Q

an X-shaped structure formed by the crossing of the optic nerves in the brain.

A

optic chiasm

52
Q

a part of the visual system in the brain. it is a continuation of the optic nerve that relays information from the optic chiasm

A

optic tract

53
Q

CN III. enters the orbit via the superior orbital fissure and innervates extrinsic eye muscles that enable most movements of the eye and that raise the eyelid.

A

oculomotor nerves

54
Q

CN IV. a motor nerve (a somatic efferent nerve) that innervates only a single muscle: the superior oblique muscle of the eye, which operates through the pulley-like trochlea.

A

trochlear nerves

55
Q

CN V. a nerve responsible for sensation in the face and motor functions such as biting and chewing; it is the largest of the cranial nerves.

A

trigeminal nerves

56
Q

CN VI. controls the movement of the lateral rectus muscle, responsible for outward gaze. a somatic efferent nerve.

A

abducens nerves

57
Q

CN VII. emerges from the pons of the brainstem, controls the muscles of facial expression, and functions in the conveyance of taste sensations from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue.

A

facial nerves

58
Q

CN VIII. transmits sound and equilibrium (balance) information from the inner ear to the brain.

A

vestibulocochlear nerves

59
Q

CN IX. a mixed nerve that carries afferent sensory and efferent motor information. It exits the brainstem out from the sides of the upper medulla, just rostral (closer to the nose) to the vagus nerve.

A

glossopharyngeal nerves

60
Q

CN X. longest and most complex of the cranial nerves. interfaces with the parasympathetic control of the heart, lungs, and digestive tract.

A

vagus nerves

61
Q

CN IX. supplies the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles.

A

accessory nerves

62
Q

CN IIX. innervates all the extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the tongue. solely motor function.

A

hypoglossal nerves

63
Q

a restriction in blood supply to tissues, causing a shortage of oxygen that is needed for cellular metabolism (to keep tissue alive). generally caused by problems with blood vessels, with resultant damage to or dysfunction of tissue.

A

ischemia

64
Q

anything that stimulates the sweat glands.

A

sudomotor

65
Q

an irregular heartbeat that’s either too fast or too slow.

A

sinus arrythmia

A&P (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions