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KIN 120 - REC/PERSONS W DISABILITIES > Spinal Cord Injury > Flashcards

Spinal Cord Injury Flashcards

1
Q

What spinal paralysis?

A
  • broad term for conditions caused by injury or disease to the spinal cord and/or spinal nerves
  • paralysis can be complete (total) or incomplete (partial)
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2
Q

What are the two criteria assessed that determines the severity of the condition?

A
  • level of lesion

- is it complete or incomplete

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3
Q

What is quadriplegia?

A
  • involvement of all four limbs and the trunk

- 50% of persons with quadriplegia have incomplete lesions

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4
Q

Spinal paralysis involves what systems?

A
  • central and autonomic nervous systems
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5
Q

What parts of the body are controlled by the cervical spine?

A
  • arms, hands, breathing
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6
Q

What parts of the body are controlled by the thoracic?

A
  • balance, trunk control, forceful breathing
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7
Q

What parts of the body are controlled by the lumbar?

A
  • leg and foot movements
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8
Q

What parts of the body are controlled by the sacral?

A
  • bowel, bladder, sexual function
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9
Q

What is high level quadriplegia?

A
  • complete C1 to C4 lesions
  • use motorized chairs for mobility
  • powerchair sports
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10
Q

What is low level quadriplegia?

A
  • complete C5 to C8 lesions
  • use manual chairs and participate in many wheelchair sports
  • wheelchair rugby
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11
Q

What is paraplegia?

A
  • effects the legs but often includes trunk balance as well
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12
Q

Why is trunk balance so important in sport?

A
  • trunk balance is the most useful criterion in determining the level of participation
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13
Q

What is spina bifida?

A
  • congenital defect of spinal column caused by

failure of neural arch of a vertebra to properly develop and enclose spinal cord

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14
Q

Which demographics are most effected by spina bifida?

A
  • girls
  • caucasians
  • most common in GB and Ireland
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15
Q

When does spina bifida occur?

A
  • occurs between the 19th and 32nd day of gestations (normally this is when the neural tube develops and closes)
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16
Q

What is spina bifida Meningomyelocele/ Myelomeningcele?

A
  • spinal cord and meninges protrude into sac

- surgery is required to close wound but it does not lessen disability

17
Q

What is hydrocephalus?

A
  • 80% of myelomeningocele develop hydrocephalus
  • present at birth or develop within first 6 weeks
  • results in enlarged head, pressure on brain which
    can cause brain damage and/or death
18
Q

How is hydrocephalus treated?

A
  • problem is treated with a shunt (a tube to drain off the fluid into the abdominal cavity)
  • person should not hang upside down for extended periods as shunt may become blocked
  • avoid different types of head trauma that may damage shunt/placement
19
Q

What are the two main functions of a shunt insertion for hydrocephalus?

A
  • it allows fluid to go only in
    one direction
  • the valve allows fluid to flow out only when the pressure in the head has exceeded some value
20
Q

What is spina bifida meningocele?

A
  • meninges protrude (outpouching of the coverings of the spinal cord but the cord and nerves remain within vertebral column)
  • paralysis is rare
21
Q

What is spina bifida occult?

A
  • Posterior arches of vertebrae fail to form
  • no outpouching
  • does not cause paralysis or muscle weakness
  • associated with back problems
22
Q

What is the different between congenital and acquired paralysis?

A
  • congenital: less experience and socialization into sport

- acquired: more experience and socialization into sport

23
Q

What are some things to focus on for congenital SCI?

A
  • focus on developmental activities
  • development of upper body and core strength are essential
  • push and pull toys, scooter boards, parachute activities, climbing/hanging, weight lifting are high priority
24
Q

What are some general considerations for physical activity with spina bifida?

A
  • latex sensitivity
  • cognitive functioning: perceptual-motor deficits, specific learning disabilities, and attention deficits
  • Strabismus (cross eyes)
  • posture and orthopaedic concerns
  • atrophy of limbs
25
Q

What are some risks associated with posture and orthopaedic concerns?

A
  • paralysis can cause plantar flexion, hip dislocation, toeing inward, scoliosis, hyperlordosis, gluteus medius lurch, crouched gait
26
Q

For those in wheel chairs, what are some risk factors of extended sitting?

A
  • tendency for the hip, knee and ankle flexors to become too tight. This can result in contractures
  • ulcers or pressure sores
  • bruises and friction burns
  • obesity because of low energy expenditure
27
Q

What are some risk factors associated with the possibility of sensation and skin break down?

A
  • inability to feel sensation makes persons vulnerable to injury and skin breakdown
  • Ex. wrinkles in socks and poorly fitted shoes or braces
    cause blisters that become infected
    –- persons with spinal paralysis should be taught to inspect their body regularly to see that all sores are cared for
28
Q

What are some issues with temperature control that people with spinal cord injuries might face?

A
  • spinal paralysis above T8 renders the body incapable of adapting to temperature changes
  • body assumes the same temperature as the environment
  • special attention needs to be given to appropriate clothing, heating and air conditioning
  • fluid intake is related to temp control
29
Q

How can a person experiencing a spinal cord injury avoid contractors?

A
  • range of motion exercises
30
Q

What are some concerns regarding spams in people who are experiencing spinal cord injuries?

A
  • paralyzed muscles in people with lesions above L1 often jerk involuntary
  • occasional spams can actually help with circulation
  • when spasms are too severe several treatment options are available (physical therapy, drug therapy, nerve blocks and surgery)
31
Q

Why is it important to consider things like using the bathroom in regards to people with a spinal cord injury?

A
  • Catheterization, timing of bathroom breaks
  • all persons with spinal paralysis above S2 have some kind of bladder dysfunction, requiring that they urinate in different ways
  • retention of urine leads to urinary and kidney infections which is a major cause of illness and death among persons with spinal paralysis
  • defecation is managed by scheduling time and amount of eating as well as by
    regulating time of bowel movements
    –- surgical procedures create an opening in the abdomen and a tube is inserted that connects to the intestine and an external bag
32
Q

Why is sexual function a concern for those who experience spina bifida?

A
  • innervated by the same nerves as urinary
    function (S2 to S4)
  • lesions above the sacral region may make it
    necessary to alter roles, methods, and positioning for sex depending on weather the lesions are complete or incomplete
  • capacity for erection, ejaculation and orgasm must be evaluated individually
  • menstruation is not affected
33
Q

Why is the heart and circulation function an important consideration for someone with spina bifida?

A
  • low resting heart rates
  • maximum heart rates and target zones used in aerobic exercise programs for AB persons are not appropriate in high level spinal paralysis
  • pooling of blood in the veins of paralyzed
    limbs
34
Q

Why is blood pressure a concern for someone with a spinal cord injury?

A
  • baseline blood pressure with lesions above T6 is
    typically low
  • autonomic dysreflexia: sudden onset of excessively high blood pressure, slowed heartbeat, sweating, & sever headache

KIN 120 - REC/PERSONS W DISABILITIES (11 decks)

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