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KIN 120 - REC/PERSONS W DISABILITIES > Intellectual Disability (Mental Retardation) > Flashcards

Intellectual Disability (Mental Retardation) Flashcards

1
Q

What are supports?

A
  • resources and strategies that aim to promote the development, education, interests, and personal well-being of a person and that enhance individual functioning.
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2
Q

What are the 3 adaptive behaviours categories?

A
  • conceptual
  • social
  • practical
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3
Q

Why are supports necessary?

A
  • support needs are psychological constructs referring to the pattern and intensity of supports necessary for a person to participate in activities linked with normative human functioning.
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4
Q

What are the aspects of the conceptual component of behaviour?

A
  • language, reading, writing, money, time, number concepts
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5
Q

What are devices?

A
  • services are one type of support provided by agencies and professionals
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6
Q

How can we obtain individual functioning?

A
  • having an interaction of supports

- appropriate supports will improve functioning

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7
Q

What are some causes of intellectual disability?

A

prenatal, perinatal, postnatal

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8
Q

How can intellectual disabilities occur?

A
  • causes can be congenital or adventitious (occurs spontaneously and not caused by heredity)
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9
Q

What are some causes of intellectual disabilities (prenatal)?

A
  • chromosomal disorders
  • brain formation disorders (i.e. - Neural Tube fails to form properly)
  • errors of metabolism (i.e. protein synthesis)
  • environmental (i.e. toxins, drug/alcohol use)
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10
Q

What are some causes of intellectual disabilities (perinatal)?

A
  • abnormal labour and delivery
  • head trauma
  • infection
  • intracranial haemorrhage
  • nutritional imbalance
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11
Q

What does perinatal means?

A
  • around childbirth especially 5 months before and one month after
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12
Q

What are some causes of intellectual disabilities (postnatal)?

A
  • head injuries
  • infections
  • degenerative
  • seizure disorders
  • toxic-metabolic
  • malnutrition
  • environmental deprivation (i.e. disease-producing conditions, inadequate medical care, isolation, and environmental health hazards)
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13
Q

How many people are effected by chromosomal abnormalities?

A
  • chromosomal abnormalities affect about 7 in every 1000 births
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14
Q

How do chromosomal abnormalities occur?

A
  • usually result from chance errors in cell division

- can occur in either autosomes or sex chromosomes

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15
Q

How many chromosome should we have?

A
  • 22 are autosomes + 1 sex chromosome
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16
Q

What are some characteristics of Trisomy 21 (Down syndrome)?

A
  • short stature
  • short limbs with short, broad hands and feet
  • almond-shaped, slanted eyes
  • flattened back of skull, short neck
  • small oral cavity
  • hypotonic muscle tone during childhood (strabismus,myopic)
  • joint looseness
  • flattened facial (hypotonicity & lax features ligaments)
17
Q

What are some characteristics of Trisomy 21? (continued)

A
  • hypotonia and skeletal concerns
  • motor development delays
  • balance deficits
  • left-handedness and asymmetrical strength
  • visual and hearing concerns
  • heart and lung problems
  • fitness and obesity
  • health and temperament
18
Q

Down syndrome statistics regarding maternal age.

A 
risk is about 1 in 800, but varies with maternal
age
- age 25 = 1/1000 
- over 35 = 1/400 
- over 45 = 1/35-40
19
Q

How can Down syndrome be detected?

A
  • through amniocentesis
20
Q

What are some conditions that intellectual disabilities with associated conditions?

A
  • seizures
  • cerebral palsy
  • dual diagnosis (mental health)
  • pain insensitivity and indifference
21
Q

What are some considerations for physical activity regarding communication and self-direction?

A
  • communication and self-direction
  • augmentative/alternative communication (low-tech, high-tech)
  • time delay to respond (10 seconds without prompting)
22
Q

What are some considerations for physical activity regarding cognitive ability?

A
  • attention
  • memory or retention
  • feed back
  • task analysis, repetition, generalization
23
Q

How can we aid with memory and retention for those lacking cognitive ability?

A
  • add rehearsal strategies and provide multiple trials

- modeling, verbal rehearsal, self talk and imagery

24
Q

What are some considerations for physical activity regarding motor performance?

A
  • motor development and delays
  • influence of physical constraints (height; weight)
  • obesity
  • physical fitness and active lifestyle
25
Q

What are some considerations for physical activity regarding movement difficulties? (5 sources)

A
  • deficiencies in knowledge base or lack of access to it
  • failure to use spontaneous strategies (need cues)
  • inadequate metacognitive knowledge and understanding (need to ‘think’ throughout the day)
  • executive control and motor planning weaknesses (start/stop actions, adapt to change)
  • low motivation and inadequate practice
26
Q

What is metacognition?

A
  • awareness and understanding of one’s own thought processes.
27
Q

What is the knowledge-based model?

A
  • guide instruction implies careful teaching of facts and processes with emphasis on problem solving so learners are actively involved
  • ecological task analysis is one approach to teaching problem solving
28
Q

What is the dilemma over the definition of intellectual disability?

A
  • depending on the literature, its classified as having an IQ under 70 or 75
  • also considers adaptive functioning
29
Q

What is the definition of an intellectual disability?

A
  • characterized by significant limitations both in intellectual functioning and in adaptive behaviour expressed in conceptual, social, and practical adaptive skills
  • originates before the age of 18
30
Q

What needs to be considered regarding limitations in functioning?

A
  • analysis of the environments typical of the individual’s age, peers, and culture
31
Q

What are some key things to consider when assessing an individual?

A
  • cultural and linguistic diversity as well as differences in communication, sensory, motor, and behavioral factors.
32
Q

Do limitations coexist with strengths?

A
  • yes
33
Q

What is adaptive behaviour?

A
  • a collection of conceptual, social and practical skills that have been learned by people in order to function in their everyday lives
34
Q

What are some aspects of the conceptual category of adaptive behaviour?

A
  • language, reading and writing, money, time, number concepts
35
Q

What are some aspects of the social category of adaptive behaviour?

A
  • interpersonal skills, social responsibility, self-esteem, gullibility, following rules, obeying laws, and avoiding victimization
36
Q

What are some aspects of the practical category of adaptive behaviour?

A
  • ADL (activities of daily living/personal care), occupational skills, use of money, safety, health care, travel/transportation, schedules/routines, use of the telephone
37
Q

What is the atlantoaxial?

A
  • atlantoaxial is joint between first 2 cervical vertebrae

- affects 17% of people with down syndrome

KIN 120 - REC/PERSONS W DISABILITIES (11 decks)

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