Instruction

Question 1

What are some indicators that adapting should lead to?

Answer 1

• warm and positive climate
• ensuring success oriented activities
• time spent on lesson objectives
• on-task behaviours that are linked to lesson objectives
• shared responsibility for learning and demonstrated self-determination (choice making)
• integrate choice into lesson plan

Question 2

What are some inputs that influence our instruction?

Answer 2

• age, gender, socioeconomic class, culture, self concept, attitudes, knowledge, actual and perceived, competence, creativity, expectations, perceptions, emotions, fears

Question 3

What are some aspects of environment that have an effect on our instruction?

Answer 3

• class size, facilities, equipment, school, home, and community resources, lighting, sound, smells

Question 4

What are some different types of assistance we can provide?

Answer 4

• physical, visual, verbal, or a combination

Question 5

How can we increase student independence?

Answer 5

• physical prompts, visual prompts, verbal prompts, no prompts
• view as a scale - as instructor assistance goes down, student independence goes up

Question 6

How is human behaviour conditioned according to behaviourists?

Answer 6

• consequences (positive or negative) that result from our actions

Question 7

What are the 3 elements (ABC’s) of behaviour?

Answer 7

• Antecedent (Stimulus) - event
• Behaviour (Response)
• Consequences (Reinforcer)

Question 8

What is the purpose of reinforcement?

Answer 8

• increase or strengthen behaviour or response over time

Question 9

What is positive reinforcement?

Answer 9

• presentation of a favourable event (reward)

- adding something they like to maintain that behaviour

Question 10

What is negative reinforcement?

Answer 10

• omission or removal of an unfavourable event (escape) taking away something they don’t like to get them to do it again

Question 11

What is punishment?

Answer 11

• punishment designed to prevent or stop a behaviour from occurring, or deb read something that isn’t deemed valuable

Question 12

What is positive punishment?

Answer 12

• presentation of an unfavourable event (add an event they don’t like as punishment)

Question 13

What is negative punishment?

Answer 13

• removal of a positively valued event

Question 14

What are some issues to consider when using positive reinforcement?

Answer 14

• reinforce every behaviour when teaching something new
• reinforcers should be functional, age-appropriate, individual and easily provided (every time that behaviour is performed, provide the same reinforcement award)

Question 15

What are some issues to consider when using negative reinforcement?

Answer 15

• the word “negative” means the event has been contingently removed or taken away

Question 16

What are some issues to consider when using punishment?

Answer 16

• does not build a positive relationship
• emotional responses are likely
• potentially addictive to punisher
• teaches people what NOT to do

Question 17

How can we avoid things that interfere with the instructors signals?

Answer 17

1. use optimal structure
2. reduce space
3. eliminate irrelevant stimuli
4. highlight relevant stimuli