What are some indicators that adapting should lead to?
- warm and positive climate
- ensuring success oriented activities
- time spent on lesson objectives
- on-task behaviours that are linked to lesson objectives
- shared responsibility for learning and demonstrated self-determination (choice making)
- integrate choice into lesson plan
What are some inputs that influence our instruction?
- age, gender, socioeconomic class, culture, self concept, attitudes, knowledge, actual and perceived, competence, creativity, expectations, perceptions, emotions, fears
What are some aspects of environment that have an effect on our instruction?
- class size, facilities, equipment, school, home, and community resources, lighting, sound, smells
What are some different types of assistance we can provide?
- physical, visual, verbal, or a combination
How can we increase student independence?
- physical prompts, visual prompts, verbal prompts, no prompts
- view as a scale - as instructor assistance goes down, student independence goes up
How is human behaviour conditioned according to behaviourists?
- consequences (positive or negative) that result from our actions
What are the 3 elements (ABC’s) of behaviour?
- Antecedent (Stimulus) - event
- Behaviour (Response)
- Consequences (Reinforcer)
What is the purpose of reinforcement?
- increase or strengthen behaviour or response over time
What is positive reinforcement?
- presentation of a favourable event (reward)
- adding something they like to maintain that behaviour
What is negative reinforcement?
- omission or removal of an unfavourable event (escape) taking away something they don’t like to get them to do it again
What is punishment?
- punishment designed to prevent or stop a behaviour from occurring, or deb read something that isn’t deemed valuable
What is positive punishment?
- presentation of an unfavourable event (add an event they don’t like as punishment)
What is negative punishment?
- removal of a positively valued event
What are some issues to consider when using positive reinforcement?
- reinforce every behaviour when teaching something new
- reinforcers should be functional, age-appropriate, individual and easily provided (every time that behaviour is performed, provide the same reinforcement award)
What are some issues to consider when using negative reinforcement?
- the word “negative” means the event has been contingently removed or taken away
What are some issues to consider when using punishment?
- does not build a positive relationship
- emotional responses are likely
- potentially addictive to punisher
- teaches people what NOT to do
How can we avoid things that interfere with the instructors signals?
- use optimal structure
- reduce space
- eliminate irrelevant stimuli
- highlight relevant stimuli
