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NPTE Neuro > Spinal Cord, ANS, CNS, Neurons > Flashcards

Spinal Cord, ANS, CNS, Neurons Flashcards

1
Q

What do B nerve fibers do?

A
  • Small
  • Myelinated
  • Conduct less rapidly than A
  • Preganglionic autonomic
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2
Q

What is a chemical synapse?

A

Chemical neurotransmitters are released

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3
Q

What is the dura mater and where is it located?

A
  • Outer, tough, fibrous membrane
  • Attached to inner surface of cranium
  • Forms falx and tentorium
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4
Q

What does a neurons axon do?

A
  • One-way conduction
  • Conducts impulses away from the cell body
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5
Q

What pathways are in the descending fiber system?

A

Motor pathways

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6
Q

What pathways are in the ascending fiber system?

A

Sensory pathways

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7
Q

What do the Corticospinal Tracts do?

A
  • Voluntary muscle control

(descending - motor pathway)

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8
Q

What are the 4 types of A nerve fibers?

A
  1. Alpha
  2. Beta
  3. Gamma
  4. Delta
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9
Q

What does cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) do?

A
  • Mechanical support (cushions brain)
  • Controls brain excitability by regulating ionic composition
  • Aids in exchange of nutrients and waste
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10
Q

What do projection neurons do?

A

Carry impulses to other parts of the CNS

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11
Q

What structures make up venous drainage from the head and neck?

A
  • Cerebral Veins
  • Dural venous sinuses
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12
Q

What signals do Beta nerve fibers send?

A
  • Touch
  • Pressure

(A fiber type)

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13
Q

What signals do Gamma nerve fibers send?

A
  • Motor to muscle spindles

(A fiber type)

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14
Q

The vertebral arteries join to form what artery in the brain?

A
  • Vertebral arteries arise off the subclavian arteries and unite to form the basilar artery
    • Bifurcates into two posterior cerebral arteries
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15
Q

What does the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) do?

A

Innervations of involuntary structures:

  • Smooth muscle
  • Heart
  • Glands

Helps maintain homeostasis

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16
Q

The vertebral arteries supply what parts of the brain?

A
  • Brainstem
  • Occipital lobes
  • Cerebellum
  • Parts of Thalamus
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17
Q

What do the Spinorericular Tracts do?

A
  • Deep and Chronic Pain

(ascending - sensory pathway)

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18
Q

What are the ventricles in the brain for?

How many are there?

A
  • Filled with CSF and communicate with each other and with the spinal cord
  • 4 ventricles or cavities
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19
Q

What do the Tectospinal Tracts do?

A
  • Assists in head-turning responses to visual stimuli
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20
Q

What do the Spinocerebellar Tracts do?

A
  • Proprioception from muscle spindles, golgi tendon organs, and touch and pressure receptors to cerebellum for control of voluntary movements

(ascending - sensory pathway)

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21
Q

What is the subarachnoid space and where is it located?

A
  • Contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and cistern (major arteries)
  • Between arachnoid and pia mater
22
Q

What signals do Alpha nerve fibers send?

A
  • Proprioception
  • Somatic Motor

(A fiber type)

23
Q

What do the Rubrospinal Tracts do?

A
  • Assist in Motor Function
24
Q

What is a neuron cell body?

A

Genetic center with dendrites to receive information

25
Q

What do you call groups of nerve cell bodies?

A

Nuclei

(In the peripheral nervous system, they are ganglia)

26
Q

What does the Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS) do?

A

Craniosacral Division: CN III, VII, IX, X, pelvic nerves

  • Conserve and restore homeostasis
  • Decrease HR & BP
  • Increase peristalsis & glandular activity
27
Q

What do the Spinothalamic Tracts do?

A
  • Pain
  • Temperature
  • Crude Touch

(ascending - sensory pathway)

28
Q

What do C nerve fibers do?

A
  • Smallest
  • Unmyelinated
  • Slowest conducting
29
Q

What does the Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) do?

A

Thoracolumbar Division T1-L2

  • Fight or flight
  • Emergency response
  • Increase HR & BP
  • Constricts peripheral blood vessels
  • Inhibits peristalsis
30
Q

What is the blood-brain barrier?

A

Selective restriction of blood-borne substances from entering the CNS.

31
Q

What do the Vestibulospinal Tracts do?

A
  • Lateral (uncrosses) and Medial (crossed)
  • Control muscle tone, antigravity muscles, and postural reflexes
32
Q

What spinal tracts run in the ascending fiber system?

A
  • Dorsal Column/Medial Lemniscal System
  • Spinothalamic Tracts
  • Spinocerebellar Tracts
  • Spinoreticular Tracts
33
Q

What do neuroglia do?

A
  • Support cells that do not transmit signals
  • Important for myelin and neuron production
  • Maintenance of K+ levels & reuptake of neurotransmitters after neural transmission at synapses
34
Q

What arteries form the Circle of Willis?

A
  • Anterior communicating artery connecting the 2 anterior cerebral arteries
  • Posterior communicating artery connecting each posterior and middle cerebral artery
35
Q

The carotid arteries supply blood to what part(s) of the brain?

A

Supplies large area of brain and many deep structures

36
Q

What signals do Delta nerve fibers send?

A
  • Pain
  • Temperature
  • Touch

(A fiber type)

37
Q

What do the lateral ventricles do?

A
  • Communicates with third ventricle through foramen of Monro
  • One in each hemisphere
38
Q

What does the Dorsal Columns/Medial Lemniscal system do?

A
  • Proprioception
  • Vibration
  • Tactile Discrimination

(ascending - sensory pathway)

39
Q

What does the fourth ventricle do?

A
  • Foramina of Luschka and Magendie communicate with fourth ventricle through subarachnoid space
  • Located in pons and medulla
40
Q

What are meninges?

A

the 3 membrane layers that surround the brain

41
Q

The carotid arteries branch into what main arteries of the brain?

A

Internal carotid arteries arise off common carotids and branch to form middle and anterior cerebral arteries

42
Q

What do the Reticulospinal Tracts do?

A
  • Dorsal Gray: modifies transmission of sensation; especially pain)
  • Ventral Gray: influences gamma motor neurons and spinal reflexes
43
Q

What spinal tracts run in the descending fiber system?

A
  • Corticospinal Tracts
  • Vestibulospinal Tracts
  • Rubrospinal Tracts
  • Reticulospinal System
  • Tectospinal Tract
44
Q

What does the third ventricle do?

A
  • Communicates with fourth ventricle through cerebral aqueduct
  • Posterior and deep to lateral ventricles
45
Q

What is the pia mater and where is it located?

A
  • Innermost layer
  • Delicate
  • Covers the brain’s surface and follows its contours.
46
Q

What do Interneurons do?

A

Short relay neurons

47
Q

What is an electrical synapse?

A

Electrical signals pass directly from cell to cell

48
Q

What structures make up a neuron?

A
  • Cell bodies
  • Axons
  • Synapses
49
Q

What are A nerve fibers?

A

Large, myelinated, fast-conducting

50
Q

What is the arachnoid mater and where is it located?

A
  • Delicate, vascular membrane (“spider web”)
  • subdural spaces lies between dura mater and arachnoid mater
  • subarachnoid space lies deep between arachnoid mater and pia mater
51
Q

What do synapses do?

A

Communicate between neurons

52
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the ANS?

A
  1. Sympathetic
    • Thoracolumbar division: T1-L2
  2. Parasympathetic
    • Craniosacral division: CN III, VII, IX, X, pelvic nerves

NPTE Neuro (13 decks)

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