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NPTE Neuro > Brain Anatomy > Flashcards

Brain Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What does the midbrain connect?

A

Connects:

  • Pons to cerebrum
  • Superior peduncles connect midbrain to cerebellum
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2
Q

What does the Motor Loop (putamen loop) do?

A

Location:

  • Originates in precentral motor & postcentral somatosensory areas
  • Projects to and excites putamen neurons

Functions:

  • Reinforce selected movement patterns
  • Anticipatory movements
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3
Q

What lobe is Broca’s Area located in?

A

Frontal Lobe (typically LEFT hemisphere)

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4
Q

What does the Epithalamus do?

A
  1. Habenular Nuceli: integrate olfactory, visceral & somatic afferent pathways
  2. Pineal Gland:
    • Secretes hormones that influence the pituitary gland and several other organs
    • influences circadian rhythm
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5
Q

What do Association Fibers do?

A

Connect different portions of the cerebral hemispheres, allowing cortex to function as an integrated whole

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6
Q

What do Projection Fibers do?

A

Connect cerebral hemispheres with other portions of the brain and spinal cord

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7
Q

What does the Visual Association Cortex do?

A

Process visual stimuli

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8
Q

What are the basic functions of the Limbic System?

A

Instincts and emotions to preserve the individual:

  • Feeding
  • Aggression
  • Endocrine aspects of sexual response
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9
Q

What important structure is located in the Parietal Lobe?

A

Postcentral gyrus

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10
Q

What are the 3 types of white matter?

A
  1. Transverse (commissural) fibers
  2. Projection fibers
  3. Association fibers
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11
Q

What 4 structures make up the Diencephalon?

A
  1. Thalamus
  2. Subthalamus
  3. Hypothalamus
  4. Epithalamus
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12
Q

What are the 3 components of the Brainstem?

A
  1. Midbrain
  2. Pons
  3. Medulla Oblongata
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13
Q

What does the Primary Visual Cortex do?

A

Receives/processes visual stimuli

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14
Q

Where is the Postcentral Gyrus located?

A

Parietal Lobes

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15
Q

What do the Superior and Inferior Colliculus do?

A
  • Superior Colliculus: relay station for vision and visual reflexes
  • Inferior Colliculus: relay station for hearing and auditory reflexes
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16
Q

What lobe is the Primary Auditory Cortex located in?

A

Temporal Lobe

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17
Q

What does the Medulla Oblongata do?

A
  • Connects spinal cord with pons
  • Corticospinal tracts cross in pyramids
  • Cranial nerve nuclei: hypoglossal, dorsal nucleus or vagus & vestibulocochlear
  • Important centers for: cardiac, respiratory, and vasomotor centers
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18
Q

What does the Subthalamus do?

A

Involved in control of several functional pathways for sensory, motor, & reticular function

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19
Q

The Temporal Lobe is made up of these three main structures/areas

A
  1. Primary Auditory Cortex
  2. Associative Auditory Cortex
  3. Wernicke’s Area
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20
Q

What does the Primary Auditory Cortex do?

A

Receives/processes auditory stimuli

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21
Q

What is white matter?

A

myelinated nerve fibers located centrally

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22
Q

What main structures are in the Midbrain?

A
  • Cerebral Peduncles
    • anterior: substania nigra
    • posterior: tegmentum
  • Superior & Inferior Colliculus
  • Periaqueductal Gray
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23
Q

What do Transverse Fibers do?

A

Interconnect 2 hemispheres

(corpus callosum, anterior commissure, & hippocampal commissure

24
Q

What lobe is Wernicke’s Area located in?

A

Temporal Lobe (typically LEFT hemisphere)

25
What does the **Periaqueductal Gray** do?
Contains endorphin-producing cells & descending autonomic tracts
26
What does the **Limbic Circuit** do?
* Originates in prefrontal and limbic areas of cortex * Organize behaviors and for procedural learning
27
What does the **Pons** do?
* Connects medulla oblongata to midbrain, allowing passage of important ascending & descending tracts * Anterior basal part acts as a bridge to cerebellum (middle cerebellar peduncle) * Midline raphe nuclei projects widely and are important for modulating pain and controlling arousal * Tegmentum contains several important cranial nerve nuclei: abducens, trigeminal, facial, vestiobulocochlear
28
What does the **Thalamus** do?
1. Sensory Nuclei: * Integrate & relay sensory info from body, face, retina, cochlea, and taste receptors to cerebral cortex & subcortical regions (smell is the exception) 2. Motor Nuclei * Relay motor info from cerebellum and globus pallidus to precentral motor cortex 3. Other Nuclei * Assist in integration of visceral and somatic functions
29
What is the **Basal Ganglia** and what does it do?
* Masses of gray matter deep within the cerebral hemispheres * striatum, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus & substantia nigra * Forms an associated motor system with other nuclei in the subthalamus and midbrain
30
What lobe is the **Precentral Gyrus** located in?
Frontal Lobe
31
What does the **Associative Auditory Cortex** do?
Process auditory stimuli
32
What does the **Prefrontal** **Cortex** do?
Controls emotions and judgements
33
What is the purpose of the **Cerebellum**?
* Connects with vestibular system * Equilibrium * Maintenance of posture and voluntary movement * Smooth coordination of movement * Accurate force, direction, and extent of movement * Motor learning * Sequencing of movements
34
What does the **Oculomotor Circuit (caudate loop)** do?
* Originates in frontal and supplementary motor eye fields * Projects to caudate * Functions with **saccadic eye movements**
35
What does the **Lateral Central Fissure** separate?
Separates temporal lobe from frontal and parietal
36
What are two main cortexes in the **Occipital Lobe**?
1. Primary Visual Cortex 2. Visual Association Cortex
37
What does the **Longitudinal Cerebral Fissure** separate?
the two hemispheres
38
What does the **Substantia Nigra** do?
* Large motor nucleus connecting with basal ganglia and cortex * Important in motor control and muscle tone
39
The **Frontal Lobe** is made up of these three main structures/areas
1. Precentral Gyrus 2. Prefrontal Cortex 3. Broca's Area
40
What lobe is the **Visual** **Association** **Cortex** located in?
Occipital Lobe
41
What are the 3 circuits/loops in the **Basal Ganglia**?
1. Oculomotor Circuit (caudate loop) 2. Motor Loop (putamen loop) 3. Limbic Circuit
42
What lobe is the **Associative Auditory Cortex** located in?
Temporal Lobe
43
What does the **Central Sulcus** separate?
frontal lobe from parietal lobes
44
What lobe is the **Prefrontal Cortex** located in?
Frontal Lobe
45
What does the **Hypothalamus** do?
* Integrates/controls functions of autonomic nervous system & neuroendocrine system * Maintains body homeostasis (water, body temp, eating, water balance)
46
What is the main role of the **Parietal Lobe**?
Receives fibers conveying touch, proprioception, pain & temperature (from opposite side of body)
47
What are Gyri?
Crests in grey matter
48
What are sulci?
Fissures in grey matter
49
What does the **Tegmentum** do?
* Contains all ascending tracts and some descending tracts * Important for coordination * Contains cranial nerve nuclei: oculomotor & trochlear
50
What does the **Precentral Gyrus** do?
Primary motor cortex for voluntary muscle activation
51
What does the **Postcentral Gyrus** do?
Primary sensory cortex for integration of sensation
52
What is the **Insula**?
* Deep within the lateral sulcus * Associated with visceral function
53
What does **Broca's Area** do?
Controls motor aspects of speech.
54
What lobe is the **Primary Visual Cortex** located in?
Occipital Lobe
55
What does **Wernicke's Area** do?
Language Comprehension

NPTE Neuro (13 decks)

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