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NPTE Neuro > Brain Anatomy > Flashcards

Brain Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What does the midbrain connect?

A

Connects:

  • Pons to cerebrum
  • Superior peduncles connect midbrain to cerebellum
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2
Q

What does the Motor Loop (putamen loop) do?

A

Location:

  • Originates in precentral motor & postcentral somatosensory areas
  • Projects to and excites putamen neurons

Functions:

  • Reinforce selected movement patterns
  • Anticipatory movements
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3
Q

What lobe is Broca’s Area located in?

A

Frontal Lobe (typically LEFT hemisphere)

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4
Q

What does the Epithalamus do?

A
  1. Habenular Nuceli: integrate olfactory, visceral & somatic afferent pathways
  2. Pineal Gland:
    • Secretes hormones that influence the pituitary gland and several other organs
    • influences circadian rhythm
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5
Q

What do Association Fibers do?

A

Connect different portions of the cerebral hemispheres, allowing cortex to function as an integrated whole

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6
Q

What do Projection Fibers do?

A

Connect cerebral hemispheres with other portions of the brain and spinal cord

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7
Q

What does the Visual Association Cortex do?

A

Process visual stimuli

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8
Q

What are the basic functions of the Limbic System?

A

Instincts and emotions to preserve the individual:

  • Feeding
  • Aggression
  • Endocrine aspects of sexual response
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9
Q

What important structure is located in the Parietal Lobe?

A

Postcentral gyrus

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10
Q

What are the 3 types of white matter?

A
  1. Transverse (commissural) fibers
  2. Projection fibers
  3. Association fibers
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11
Q

What 4 structures make up the Diencephalon?

A
  1. Thalamus
  2. Subthalamus
  3. Hypothalamus
  4. Epithalamus
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12
Q

What are the 3 components of the Brainstem?

A
  1. Midbrain
  2. Pons
  3. Medulla Oblongata
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13
Q

What does the Primary Visual Cortex do?

A

Receives/processes visual stimuli

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14
Q

Where is the Postcentral Gyrus located?

A

Parietal Lobes

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15
Q

What do the Superior and Inferior Colliculus do?

A
  • Superior Colliculus: relay station for vision and visual reflexes
  • Inferior Colliculus: relay station for hearing and auditory reflexes
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16
Q

What lobe is the Primary Auditory Cortex located in?

A

Temporal Lobe

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17
Q

What does the Medulla Oblongata do?

A
  • Connects spinal cord with pons
  • Corticospinal tracts cross in pyramids
  • Cranial nerve nuclei: hypoglossal, dorsal nucleus or vagus & vestibulocochlear
  • Important centers for: cardiac, respiratory, and vasomotor centers
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18
Q

What does the Subthalamus do?

A

Involved in control of several functional pathways for sensory, motor, & reticular function

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19
Q

The Temporal Lobe is made up of these three main structures/areas

A
  1. Primary Auditory Cortex
  2. Associative Auditory Cortex
  3. Wernicke’s Area
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20
Q

What does the Primary Auditory Cortex do?

A

Receives/processes auditory stimuli

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21
Q

What is white matter?

A

myelinated nerve fibers located centrally

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22
Q

What main structures are in the Midbrain?

A
  • Cerebral Peduncles
    • anterior: substania nigra
    • posterior: tegmentum
  • Superior & Inferior Colliculus
  • Periaqueductal Gray
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23
Q

What do Transverse Fibers do?

A

Interconnect 2 hemispheres

(corpus callosum, anterior commissure, & hippocampal commissure

24
Q

What lobe is Wernicke’s Area located in?

A

Temporal Lobe (typically LEFT hemisphere)

25
Q

What does the Periaqueductal Gray do?

A

Contains endorphin-producing cells & descending autonomic tracts

26
Q

What does the Limbic Circuit do?

A
  • Originates in prefrontal and limbic areas of cortex
  • Organize behaviors and for procedural learning
27
Q

What does the Pons do?

A
  • Connects medulla oblongata to midbrain, allowing passage of important ascending & descending tracts
  • Anterior basal part acts as a bridge to cerebellum (middle cerebellar peduncle)
  • Midline raphe nuclei projects widely and are important for modulating pain and controlling arousal
  • Tegmentum contains several important cranial nerve nuclei: abducens, trigeminal, facial, vestiobulocochlear
28
Q

What does the Thalamus do?

A
  1. Sensory Nuclei:
    • Integrate & relay sensory info from body, face, retina, cochlea, and taste receptors to cerebral cortex & subcortical regions (smell is the exception)
  2. Motor Nuclei
    • Relay motor info from cerebellum and globus pallidus to precentral motor cortex
  3. Other Nuclei
    • Assist in integration of visceral and somatic functions
29
Q

What is the Basal Ganglia and what does it do?

A
  • Masses of gray matter deep within the cerebral hemispheres
    • striatum, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus & substantia nigra
  • Forms an associated motor system with other nuclei in the subthalamus and midbrain
30
Q

What lobe is the Precentral Gyrus located in?

A

Frontal Lobe

31
Q

What does the Associative Auditory Cortex do?

A

Process auditory stimuli

32
Q

What does the Prefrontal Cortex do?

A

Controls emotions and judgements

33
Q

What is the purpose of the Cerebellum?

A
  • Connects with vestibular system
  • Equilibrium
  • Maintenance of posture and voluntary movement
  • Smooth coordination of movement
  • Accurate force, direction, and extent of movement
  • Motor learning
  • Sequencing of movements
34
Q

What does the Oculomotor Circuit (caudate loop) do?

A
  • Originates in frontal and supplementary motor eye fields
  • Projects to caudate
  • Functions with saccadic eye movements
35
Q

What does the Lateral Central Fissure separate?

A

Separates temporal lobe from frontal and parietal

36
Q

What are two main cortexes in the Occipital Lobe?

A
  1. Primary Visual Cortex
  2. Visual Association Cortex
37
Q

What does the Longitudinal Cerebral Fissure separate?

A

the two hemispheres

38
Q

What does the Substantia Nigra do?

A
  • Large motor nucleus connecting with basal ganglia and cortex
  • Important in motor control and muscle tone
39
Q

The Frontal Lobe is made up of these three main structures/areas

A
  1. Precentral Gyrus
  2. Prefrontal Cortex
  3. Broca’s Area
40
Q

What lobe is the Visual Association Cortex located in?

A

Occipital Lobe

41
Q

What are the 3 circuits/loops in the Basal Ganglia?

A
  1. Oculomotor Circuit (caudate loop)
  2. Motor Loop (putamen loop)
  3. Limbic Circuit
42
Q

What lobe is the Associative Auditory Cortex located in?

A

Temporal Lobe

43
Q

What does the Central Sulcus separate?

A

frontal lobe from parietal lobes

44
Q

What lobe is the Prefrontal Cortex located in?

A

Frontal Lobe

45
Q

What does the Hypothalamus do?

A
  • Integrates/controls functions of autonomic nervous system & neuroendocrine system
  • Maintains body homeostasis (water, body temp, eating, water balance)
46
Q

What is the main role of the Parietal Lobe?

A

Receives fibers conveying touch, proprioception, pain & temperature

(from opposite side of body)

47
Q

What are Gyri?

A

Crests in grey matter

48
Q

What are sulci?

A

Fissures in grey matter

49
Q

What does the Tegmentum do?

A
  • Contains all ascending tracts and some descending tracts
  • Important for coordination
  • Contains cranial nerve nuclei: oculomotor & trochlear
50
Q

What does the Precentral Gyrus do?

A

Primary motor cortex for voluntary muscle activation

51
Q

What does the Postcentral Gyrus do?

A

Primary sensory cortex for integration of sensation

52
Q

What is the Insula?

A
  • Deep within the lateral sulcus
  • Associated with visceral function
53
Q

What does Broca’s Area do?

A

Controls motor aspects of speech.

54
Q

What lobe is the Primary Visual Cortex located in?

A

Occipital Lobe

55
Q

What does Wernicke’s Area do?

A

Language Comprehension

NPTE Neuro (13 decks)

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