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NPTE Neuro > Other Neuro Pathologies > Flashcards

Other Neuro Pathologies Flashcards

1
Q

What is Alzheimer’s Disease?

A

Deterioration and irreversible damage with in the cerebral cortex and subcortical areas of the brain

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2
Q

What are the signs & symptoms of Alzheimer’s Disease?

A
  • Difficulty with new learning
  • Subtle changes in memory and concentration
  • Poor judgement
  • Rigidity
  • Shuffling gait
  • Impaired self-care
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3
Q

What is the treatment for Alzheimer’s Disease?

A
  • No cure

- Medication: inhibit acetylcholnesterase, alleviate cognitive symptoms, and control behavioral changes.

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4
Q

What is Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)?

A
  • Chronic Degenerative disease

- Produces both UMN and LMN impairments

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5
Q

What are the signs & symptoms of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

A
  • LMN signs: asymmetric muscle weakness, fasciulations, cramping, and atrophy in hands
  • UMN sings: incoordination of movement, spasticity, clonus, POSITIVE Babinski reflex.
  • Fatigue, oral motor impairment, motor paralysis, and eventually respiratory paralysis
  • *Weakness spreads distal to proximal**
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6
Q

What is the treatment for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)?

A
  • Managed by supportive care and symptomatic therapy

- Medication: Riluzole (Rilutek)

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7
Q

What is Bell’s Palsy?

A

Unilateral facial paralysis secondary to trauma and demyelination and/or axonal degeneration of the facial nerve

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8
Q

What causes Bell’s Palsy?

A

Unsure. May be secondary to Herpes Zoster Virus. Inflammation and pressure can cause ischemia and axonal degeneration.

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9
Q

What are the signs & symptoms of Bell’s Palsy?

A
  • Asymmetrical dropping of the eyelid and mouth
  • Potential drooling
  • Dryness of the eye
  • Inability to close the eyelid due to weakness
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10
Q

What is the treatment for Bell’s Palsy?

A
  • Typically resolves in 2 weeks w/o medical attention

- Possibly anti-viral medication & high dose steroids

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11
Q

What is Carpal Tunnel Syndrome?

A

Peripheral nerve entrapment due to compression through carpal tunnel

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12
Q

What are the signs & symptoms of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome?

A

Sensory and motor disturbances in the median nerve distribution of the hand

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13
Q

What is the treatment for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome?

A
  • Conservative Management: splinting, ergonomic measures, local cortisone injections & PT.
  • Possibly surgical release
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14
Q

What is Diabetic Neuropathy?

A

Complication and direct effect of diabetic mellitus.

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15
Q

What are the signs & symptoms of Diabetic Neuropathy?

A
  • Weakness
  • Sensory Disturbances in a symmetrical pattern
  • Involves sensory, motor or autonomic systems
  • “Stocking-glove” sensory distribution impairments
  • Orthostatic hypotension
  • Urinary impairments
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16
Q

What is the treatment for Diabetic Neuropathy?

A

Patient’s blood sugar strictly monitored to prevent further nerve pathology

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17
Q

What is Epilepsy?

A
  • Chronic condition

- Temporary dysfunction of brain –> seizure

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18
Q

What are the signs & symptoms of Epilepsy?

A
  • *Vary based on type and extent of seizure**
  • Loss of awareness/consciousness
  • Disturbances of movement, sensation, mood, or mental function
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19
Q

What is the treatment for Epilepsy?

A

No “cure”

  • Antiepileptic Medication
  • Possible surgical intervention if meds don’t work
20
Q

What is Guillain-Barre Syndrome (or acute polyneuropathy)?

A
  • Temporary Inflammation and demyelination of the peripheral nerves’ myelin sheath (potential for axonal degeneration)
21
Q

What is the etiology of Guillain-Barre Syndrome?

A

Hypothesized to be autoimmune response

22
Q

What are the signs & symptoms of Guillain-Barre Syndrome?

A
  • Initial: B symmetrical motor weakness, mild sensory impairments & paresthesias
  • Progresses distal to proximal
  • 2-4 week onset
  • *Can be life threatening if respiratory involved
23
Q

What is the treatment for Guillain-Barre Syndrome?

A
  • Hospitalization

- Pharmacology: immunosuppresive & analgesic/narcaotic

24
Q

What is Huntington’s Disease?

A

CNS disorder characterized by degeneration and atrophy of the basal ganglia and cerebral cortex within the brain

25
Q

What is the etiology of Huntington’s Disease?

A

Genetically transmitted

26
Q

What are the signs & symptoms of Huntington’s Disease?

A
  • Affective dysfunction
  • Cognitive impairment
  • Late stage: mental deterioration, decreased IQ, immobility, dysphagia, immobility
27
Q

What is the treatment for Huntington’s Disease?

A
  • Genetic, psychological and social counseling

- Pharmacology management

28
Q

What is Multiple Sclerosis?

A

Patches of demyelination of the myelin sheaths that surround nerves in brain & spinal cord

29
Q

What are the signs & symptoms of Multiple Sclerosis?

A
  • Visual problems
  • Paresthesias & sensory changes
  • Clumsiness
  • Weakness
  • Ataxia
  • Balance dysfunction
  • Fatigue
30
Q

What is the treatment for Multiple Sclerosis?

A
  • Pharmacology

- PT, OT, SLP

31
Q

What is Myasthenia Gravis?

A

Autoimmune Disease resulting in neuromuscular junction pathology

32
Q

What is the etiology of Myasthenia Gravis?

A

Associated with enlarged Thymus

33
Q

What are the signs & symptoms of Myasthenia Gravis?

A

Extreme fatiguability & skeletal muscle weakness

**Ocular muscle most affected -> first notice ptosis and diplopia

34
Q

What is the treatment for Myasthenia Gravis?

A
  • Anticholinesterase drug therapy
  • Plasmapheresis
  • Immunosuppressive therapy
35
Q

What is Parkinson’s Disease?

A
  • Primary degenerative disorder

- Decrease in production of dopamine within substantia nigra of basil ganglia

36
Q

What are the signs & symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease?

A 
Initial: resting tremor
Progression: 
- sluggish
- stopping
- "cog wheel" or "lead pipe" rigidity
- bradykinesis
- festinating or shuffling gait
- "freezing" during ambulation
37
Q

What is the treatment for Parkinson’s Disease?

A
  • Pharmacology: dopamine replacement therapy 9for movement disorders)
38
Q

What is the goal of PT for Parkinson’s Disease?

A
  • Maximize endurance
  • Strength
  • Functional mobility
    Verbal cueing & visual feedback ar useful
39
Q

What is the goal of PT for Myasthenia Gravis?

A
  • Energy conservation
  • Strengthening using isometric contractions
  • May need to address secondary osteoporosis (prolonged corticosteroid use)
40
Q

What is the goal of PT for Multiple Sclerois?

A
  • Lessen the length of exacerbations and maximize health of patient
  • Regulation of activity level
  • Relaxation and energy conservation techniques
  • Normalization of tone
  • Balance & gait training
  • Core stabilization
  • Adaptive/assistive device training
41
Q

What is the goal of PT for Huntington’s Disease?

A
  • Endurance
  • Strength
  • Balance
  • Postural control
  • Functional Mobility
42
Q

What is the goal of PT for Guillain-Barre Syndrome?

A

May include:

  • Pulmonary rehab
  • Strengthening
  • Mobility Training
  • Wheelchair and orthotic prescription and/or assistive device training
43
Q

What is the goal of PT for Diabetic Neuropathy?

A
  • Pain Management
  • Foot care
  • Overall fitness
44
Q

What is the goal of PT for Bell’s Palsy

A
  • Facial nerve stimulation
  • Facial massage
  • Exercise
  • *depends on severity
45
Q

What is the goal of PT for Alzheimer’s Disease?

A
  • Maximizing patient’s remaining function

- Family and caregiver education

46
Q

What is Post-Polio Syndrome?

A

LMN pathology that affects the anterior horn cells of those previously affected with polio

47
Q

What are the signs & symptoms of Post-Polio Syndrome?

A
  • Slow and progressive weakness
  • Fatigue
  • Muscle atrophy
  • Pain
  • Swallowing issues

NPTE Neuro (13 decks)

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