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Nueroscience 206 > Spinal Cord and Processing One > Flashcards

Spinal Cord and Processing One Flashcards

1
Q

What does the grey matter of the spinal cord look like?

A

A butterfly

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2
Q

Describe the divisions of the grey matter of the spinal cord;

A

Shaped like a butterfly with the head representing the anterior side:

Pos. grey horn
Lateral grey horn
Ant grey horn
and 
pos. and ant. grey commisures.
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3
Q

With regards to the structure of the grey matter of the spinal cord, where are the nuclie?

A

Sensory nuclie are in the post grey horn
Motor nuclie are in the ant grey horn

These nuclie are both divided into somatic and visceral regions.

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4
Q

What feeds into the post grey horn?

A

The dorsal root ganglion

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5
Q

Please refer to your notes to learn the nuclie structures of the white matter in the spinal cord

A

now please

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6
Q

What sensory pathways are in the spinal cord?

A

(6)

  • Fasiculus Gracalis
  • Fasiculus Cuneatus
  • Ant. Spinothalamic tract
  • Lat. spinothalamic tract
  • Ant. Spinocerebellar tract
  • Post. Spinocerebellar tract
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7
Q

What motor pathways are in the spinal cord?

A
  • Ant. Corticospinal tract
  • Lat. Corticospinal tract
  • Rubrospinal tract
  • Reticulospinal tract
  • Vestibulospinal tract
  • Tectospinal tract
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8
Q

What is the function of the somatosensory system?

A

Sensory activity that conveys information about that state of body proper and its immediate environment.(excludes special senses)

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9
Q

How does the somatosensory system work?

A

Receptors in the periphery receive information about the environment that signal to the 1 somatosensory cortex, which is processed and allows for the appropriate response

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10
Q

What are the type of receptors in the somatosensory system?

A

Nocioreceptors
Propioreceptors
Thermoreceptors
Mechanoreceptors

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11
Q

How are the somatosensory tracts separated / arranged in the spinal cord?

A

Separated by:

1) Sensory Modality (i.e tracts only carry 1 type of sensory fibre)
2) Somatotopic arrangement
3) Medial-lateral arrangement (The fibers that have further to go are more medial in position)

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12
Q

What is special about first order neurons in somatosensory pathway?

A

First order = Afferent, Pseudounipolar, Takes info from the periphery into the spinal cord.

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13
Q

What is the structure of a psuedounipolar neuron?

A

Single elongated neuron.

- Cell body off to one side of this.

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14
Q

Do all sensory fibres carry information at the same speed?

A

No, depends on the thickness of the fiber in the myelon.

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15
Q

What is the erlanger-gasser classification of sensory fibres?

A 
1a = Aa = 80-120ms (Receptors of muscle spindles)
1b = Aa = 80-120ms (golgi tendon organs)
2= Ab = 33-75ms (mechanoreceptors) + Receptors of muscle spindles)
3= Ad = 3-30ms (FNE , cold recptors, nocioceptors) Thin myelon
4= C = (not myelonated) 0.5-2.0ms (warmth receptors, nocioceptors)
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16
Q

Whats a common feature of somatosensory pathways?

A

Decussation

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17
Q

Whats the purpose of decussation?

A

It can occur in the spinal cord or the brain stem
Allows separation of tracts
More robust against wiring errors

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18
Q

What do mechanorecptors sense?

A

Mechanical pressure or distortion of the skin

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19
Q

What are the two mechanoreceptor pathways?

A

Discriminitive and non-discriminitve

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20
Q

Whats an example of the non-discriminitve and discriminitive pathways?

A

Discriminitve = (dorsal) Posterior column-medial laminiscus pathway

Non-discriminitve = Ant. spinothalamic tract

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21
Q

What do the Ant. Spinothalamic tract and Post column-medial laminiscus pathways have in common?

A

Both comprise of 3rd order neurons (1,2,3)

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22
Q

Describe the neuron anatomy of the Posterior column-medial laminiscus pathway:

A

1st order neuron = Enters the spinal cord via the dorsal root ganglion, travels up the dorsal column and terminates on the nucleus gracalis or nucleus cuneatus

2nd order neuron = Project from these nuclei and decussate at the level of the brainstem before terminating on thalamic nuclie

3rd order neurons project from the thalamus through the internal capsule and terminate in the primary somatosensory area

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23
Q

Describe the anatomy of the anterior spinothalamic tract

A

1st order neuron : Terminates in the dorsal grey horn
2nd order neuron: decussates immediately and follows the ant spinothalamic tract and terminates on the thalamic nueclie

3rd order neuron: Projects into the primary somatosensory area

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24
Q

Are all mechanorecptors the same?

A

No there are different types for different sensitivity and sensation

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25
Q

What are the sensations that can be detected/?

A

Fine touch

Pressure and vibration

Deep Pressure

26
Q

What detects fine touch?

A

(light skin touch)
Free nerve endings
Tactile disc

(Initial contact with hair)
Root hair plexus

27
Q

What detects pressure and vibration?

A 
Tactile Corpuscle (low Hz vibration)
Lamellated Corpuscle (high Hz vibration)
28
Q

What detects deep pressure?

A

Ruffini Corpuscle

Merkle cells?

29
Q

What enables these different receptors to sense different sensations?

A

They have different activation thresholds

30
Q

With regards to mechanoreceptors, what is adaptation?

A

How quickly the receptors returns to basal firing level

31
Q

What are slow adapting receptors useful for?

A

Detecting touch and pressure

32
Q

What are fast adapting receptors useful for?

A

Detecting texture and vibration

33
Q

In regards to mechanorecptors what does receptive field allow?

A

Two point touch discrimination

Breast = 40mm
Finger =

34
Q

What do thermoreceptors do?

A

Convey information about temperature from the periphery to the brain

35
Q

What are some thermoreceptors?

A

Free Nerve Endings

Transient Receptor Protein Channels

36
Q

What tract carries afferent thermoreceptor fibers?

A

Lateral spinothalamic tract

non-discriminative

37
Q

How does the body involuntarily respond to thermoception?

A

Through the ANS

  • Sweat glands
  • Shivering
  • Vasodilation
38
Q

What do nocioceptors respond to?

A

Mechanical, temperature, and chemical stimuli that are noxious

39
Q

Relative to other receptors what size of stimulus do nocioceptors require?

A

A larger one to evolve a response

40
Q

What fibres carry pain?

A

Ad fibres and C fibres

41
Q

What are types of pain information pathways?

A

Sensory discriminative

Affective emotional

42
Q

What pathway does the sensory discriminative pain information use?

A

Lateral spinothalmic tract (Involved in voluntary responses to pain)

43
Q

What is the affective emotional pain pathway involved with?

A

Fear, anxiety, learning associated with painful experiences.

44
Q

What does the affective emotional pathway effect?

A

Descending pain pathways to regulate pain sensation

45
Q

What does the descending pain pathway input onto?

A

The descending pain pathway inputs onto the raphe nuclie in the spinal cord.
Which innervates the dorsal horn
Which connects to the inhibitory circuits and decreases pain by releasing encephalin- which inhibits signalling between C-fibres and the dorsal horn.– these are the [pain pathway

46
Q

What is the gate theory?

A

The gate theory is that by rubbing your foot/ stimulating mechanoreceptors in the area of pain, you can cause the local circuit in the spinal cord to activate inhibitory neurons and stop pain signals from the c fibres.

47
Q

What does discrimination i.e discriminative pathway mean?

A

That you can localize the sensation in fine detail

except in the pain pathway where it means you can localize it to a part of the body. Affective motivational pathways cant.

48
Q

What is propioception?

A

Sense of movement and body position

49
Q

What are the two types of propioception

A

Conscious = Dorsal column pathway

Unconscious = Spinocerebellar pathway

50
Q

Why do we have propioceptors?

A

So that the body can have constant feedback to generate smooth movement

51
Q

What are two examples of propioceptors?

A

Golgi tendon organ

Neuromuscular spindle

52
Q

What is the function of the Golgi tendon organ proprioceptor?

A

Monitor tension, pressure and joint movement

53
Q

What is the function of the neuromuscular spindle?

A

Detect rate and size of changes in the length of muscle (stretch reflex)

54
Q

What is special about the spinocerebellar tracts?

A

The decussate twice

55
Q

What do the spinocerebellar tracts convey information about?

A

Unconcious propioceptive information

56
Q

What are the two spinocerebellar tracts?

A

Posterior ( carries information from limbs to body)

Anterior (Intergrates propioceptive information from the limbs and body

57
Q

How many neurons are in the spinocerebellar pathway?

A

Two

58
Q

What do the anterior spinocerebellar fibres synapse with?

A

They synapse with spinal border cells, integrating information from the lower limbs, descending tracts and reflex arcs.

59
Q

What pathway carries crude touch?

A

Anterior spinothalamic

60
Q

What tract carries fine touch info from the lower limbs?

A

Gracalis = lower limbs, grass = feet

Nueroscience 206 (33 decks)

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