Memory One

Question 1

What is the difference between learning and memory?

Answer 1

Learning = The Acquisition of information by the CNS resulting in a change in behavior

Memory = The encoding, storage and retention of learned information

Question 2

What are the types of memory?

Answer 2

Declarative and non-declarative

Question 3

What is declarative memory?

Answer 3

Available to conscious and expressed in words.

Question 4

What are the two subtypes of declarative memory?

Answer 4

Episodic = Events, episodes
or
Sematic = Facts, i.e numbers

Question 5

What is non-declarative memory?

Answer 5

involves skills and associations. Retrieved from a conscious level

i.e
Procedural
Motor Skills
Emotions

Question 6

What is the time course of a memory?

Answer 6

Immediate Memory (sensory)
- If attention is paid then it can become
Working memory (lasts seconds to minutes), To acheive a goal/performance task.
- If encoding occurs it can become
Long term memory (held for hours days, weeks, years), which can be retrieved from working memory

Question 7

How are memories stored?

Answer 7

In a engram

Question 8

What is an engram?

Answer 8

The physical embodiment of memory in neuronal machinery

Question 9

What does an engram depend on?

Answer 9

The changes in synaptic connectivity, growth and reorganization of synapses (pruning etc)

Question 10

What happens aswell as the making of memories/

Answer 10

The forgetting of memories

Question 11

How is the forgetting of memories done?

Answer 11

Degradation of connections

Question 12

Why do we forget memories?

Answer 12

This can occur at any stage of the process and allows for the differentiation between what is important and what is not. I.e someone who cannot forget anything will not be able to read something and take away the important parts.

I.e especially important in immediate and working memory

Question 13

What sort of memories are forgotten?

Answer 13

Unimportant or not-rehearsed information is degrades over time

Question 14

What are the types of amnesia?

Answer 14

Retrograde and anterograde

Question 15

What is retrograde amnesia?

Answer 15

Cant remember things from before trauma (varying degrees)

Question 16

What is anterograde amnesia?

Answer 16

Cant remember things post trauma (Cant consolidate information)

Question 17

What is the morris maze used for?

Answer 17

To test the consolidation of spatial memory.

Able to determine where spatial memory was formed (hippocampus and amygdala)

Also that over time the memory became more consolidated, ( the rats swam less)

Question 18

where is spatial memory stored?

Answer 18

Hippocampus and amygdala

Question 19

How was declarative memory tested?

Answer 19

Using monkeys to take two tests in a row and learn where the food was the first time and the second time i.e learn that in the second round the food was in a different place.

Non-matching to sample
Delayed or not delayed

Question 20

What did the results of the monkey test show?

Answer 20

It tested working memory.

Showed that learning in this instance is related to the perihinal cortex not the hippocampus or cortex

Question 21

What does the monkey test conclude?

Answer 21

Evidence that different types of memory require consolidation from different brain areas.

Question 22

What is the route of declarative memory consolidation in the brain?

Answer 22

Neocortical areas feed information through the parahippocampal gyrus and rhinocortical area through to the hippocampus and back to the neocortical areas.

Question 23

What does the route of declarative memory consolidation mean?

Answer 23

That long term memories are stored in the same area they are initially processed in (neocortices)

Question 24

How was it shown that long term memories were stored in the cortex?

Answer 24

Karl Lashley experimented by training rats to solve a maze then lesion different parts of the brain and this showed that long term memories were stored in the cortex.