Memory Two Flashcards
What is conditioned learning?
The generation of a novel response by pairing the response with a novel stimulus
I.e the stimulus causes the response. Can be good behviour leads to a chocolate treat or when a bell is heard then start running….
What is operant conditioning?
Altering a behavior by associating it with a reward or punishment
What are the types of operant conditioning?
1) Positive re-enforcement - Increase a behaviour by providing reward for it.
2) Negative reinforcement - Increase a behaviour by decreasing a negative stimulus when the behvaiour is done
3) Punishment - Reduce a behavior by having an adverse event when it is done
What is classical conditioning?
Modifying an innate reflex by associating it with a totally unrelated stimulus
i.e Preconditioning in pavelos dogs, the bell would cause no salivation, but food would. By using a bell and food stimulus for the conditioning the bell alone would eventually cause salivation
this is an example of non-declarative memory aquisiton
What are two methods of nondeclarative memory aquisiton?
Operant conditioning
Classical conditioning
What are two non-declarative types of memory than can be altered by classical conditioning?
Emotion
- Stored in the amygdala
- Classical fear conditioning
- Train rats to fear a sound by associating it with pain
Motor Skills
- Stored in cerebellum
- Classical eye blinking conditioning
- Associated a sound with air being puffed on the eye, thus that sound causes you to blink when conditioned
What could be a good use of motor skill conditioning?
Clinically to test of patients with cerebellar damage can still form these memories using these pathways
Where is short term memory stored in declarative and non-declarative memories?
Declarative
- Hippocampus and related structures
Non-declarative
- Unknown
Where is long term memory stored in declarative and non-declarative memories?
Declarative
- Variety of cortical areas depends on what type of memory i.e visual (in visual cortex) or auditory
Non-declarative - Sites related to motor skills such as: Basal Ganglia Cerebellum Premotor cortex
How can memory be improved?
Memory can be improved with motivation or association
How does working memory change with association and motivation?
Working memory allows 7-9 numbers to be remembered but with association and motivation it can be up to 80
What does motivation allow?
Better consolidation
What is LTP? and how is it done?
The formation of a stronger synapse
increased levels of pre and post synaptic activity results in NMDA activation, Sufficient Ca influx activates CAMKII which phosphorylates AMPA receptors increasing their expression in the synapse. (increased AMPA current)
What is LTP considered to be the basis of?
The basis of memory
What are the phases of LTP for this to become permanent?
Three phases
1 = Early phase(~2hrs) (protein modification,CAMKII)
2 = Intermediate phase (~6hrs) (gene editing)
3 = Late phase (~10hrs) prolonged AMPA and NMDA activation = ERK activation
