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MD 814 > Spinal Cord And Meninges > Flashcards

Spinal Cord And Meninges Flashcards

1
Q

What are the gross anatomical features/landmarks of the spinal cord?

A

It begins at the foramen magnum and extends down the vertebral canal until vertebral level L1/L2

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2
Q

How is the spinal cord divided?

A

8 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
1 coccygeal

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3
Q

Describe the feature/landmark: cervical enlargement

A

From C4-T1 (spinal cord level, not vertebral level)

Actual spinal cord enlargement that is reflected by increased neuronal density as it supplies the upper limbs

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4
Q

Describe feature/landmark: lumbar enlargement

A

L2-S3

Spinal ROOT level

Increased neuronal density in this area as it supplies the lower limbs

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5
Q

What happens at C7/C8?

A

Above the 7th cervical vertebrae, spinal nerves exit ABOVE their respective vertebra

Below the 7th cervical vertebra spinal nerves exit BELOW their respective vertebra

C7 exits above T1 and C8 exits below T1

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6
Q

What is the conus medullaris?

A

the cone-shaped end of the spinal cord located at L1/L2 region

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7
Q

What is the cauda equina?

A

the ROOTS of the inferior spinal cord segments as they travel inferiorly in the vertebral canal t reach the appropriate intervertebral foramen level to exit

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8
Q

What is the filum terminale?

A

An extension of pia mater that arises from the conus medullaris; it passes inside the vertebral canal to fuse to the vertebral column in the region of the coccyx

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9
Q

What is the filum terminale?

A

An extension of pia mater that arises from the conus medullaris; it passes inside the vertebral canal to fuse to the vertebral column in the region of the coccyx

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10
Q

Describe the meninges surrounding the spinal cord from most superficial to deep

A
  1. Dura mater
  2. Arachnoid membrane
  3. Pia mater
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11
Q

What is the dura mater?

A

External outer tough covering surrounding spinal cord. Extends from foramen magnum to S2 levels of vertebral column.

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12
Q

Describe the dural sleeve

A

Dura mater that extends out along each spinal nerve to the distal end of the spinal ganglion where it becomes continuous with the epinerium of the spinal nerves

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13
Q

What is the dural sac?

A

The spinal cord ends at L1/L2, but the dura mater extends down to S1. The dura creates blind pouch called the dural sac containing the cauda equina and the filum terminale

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14
Q

Describe the arachnoid membrane

A

a vascular membrane lining inner surface of dura mater and following dura mater into dural sac

Pressure from CSF in the subarachnoid space holds the arachnoid membrane to the inner surface of the dura mater

(If arachnoid is separated from dura, something is wrong)

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15
Q

Describe the pia mater

A

The pia mater is the deepest meningeal layer and is adherent to the surface of the spinal cord (cannot be separated; piercing the pia is also piercing the spinal cord)

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16
Q

Describe the denticulate ligaments

A

Lateral extensions of the pia mater which help to anchor the spinal cord to the dura mater

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17
Q

Describe the filum terminale

A

A thin extension of the pia mater which extends from the conus medullaris to the coccyx

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18
Q

Describe the epidural space

A

Superficial to dura mater; contains fat and internal vertebral venous plexus that drains the spinal cord

19
Q

Describe the subdural space

A

POTENTIAL SPACE: something is wrong if there is actually space here

Lies deep to the dura mater and superficial to the arachnoid membrane; contains no structures; pressure of CSF keeps arachnoid and dura together

20
Q

Describe subarachnoid space

A

Lies deep to arachnoid membrane and contains CSF

21
Q

Where is epidural anesthesia placed?

A

Epidural space; less effective because technically “outside” but safe because not touching spinal cord

22
Q

How deep must a lumbar puncture go to collect CSF?

A

To subarachnoid space
(traverses dura and arachnoid)

23
Q

Where does the spinal cord receive its blood supply from?

A

From descending longitudinal arteries

24
Q

How many anterior spinal arteries are there?

A

ONE (an-anterior spinal artery) branched from vertebral artery

25
Q

How many posterior spinal arteries are there?

A

TWO (I have 2 pee); branched from posterior inferior cerebellar aa.)

26
Q

What are the “backup” spinal cord blood suppliers

A

segmental arteries to the spinal cord that branch from arteries that typically supply blood to the posterior body wall and join the longitudinal arteries

27
Q

What do the anterior and posterior radicular arteries supply?

A

spinal nerve, dorsal, and ventral roots

28
Q

What is a plexus for?

A

Drainage; network of veins

29
Q

Describe the internal and external vertebral plexus of veins

A

For drainage; either internal (and inside epidural space) or external to the vertebral canal

**provide conduit for spread of cancer and infections

30
Q

Where are white and grey matter, respectively, in the spinal cord?

A

Grey - inside; looks like butterflies; neuronal cell bodies/neurons

White - white borders grey matter; axons projecting to (sensory) and away from (motor) brain

31
Q

What is the Dorsal horn (posterior horn) considered?

A

Sensory organ; it receives inputs from afferent fibers (blue part)

32
Q

What is the ventral horn (anterior horn) of grey matter considered?

A

Somatic motor neurons that innervate skeletal muscles. Called “motor region.” (Green areas)

33
Q

What would happen if you had a dorsal horn lesion?

A

Sensory loss

34
Q

What would happen if you had a ventral horn lesion?

A

Paralysis

35
Q

Where is the lateral horn?

A

Between the dorsal and ventral horns; evident from T1-L2 levels of the spinal cord

36
Q

What are the interomediolateral (IML) cells?

A

Preganglionic sympathetic neurons that are always located at the levels of T1-L2; this is the outflow of sympathetic nervous system

37
Q

Where are parasympathetic cell bodies located?

A

Between S2, S3, S4 (parasympathetic outflow)

2, 3, 4 keeps our junk off of the floor

38
Q

Where are the two sets of parasympathetic preganglionic neurons located?

A

1/2 in S2, 3, and 4

1/2 in the brain stem associated with vagus nerve

39
Q

Where is and what kind of nerve is the spinal nerve?

A

Ventral root - motor only
Dorsal root - sensory only

BUT spinal verve is a mixed nerve; contains both

40
Q

What kind of neurons are in the dorsal root?

A

Pseudo unipolar (no synapse)

41
Q

What kind of nerves are in the dorsal and ventral ramii?

A

mixed

42
Q

Each spinal cord segment exhibits a ____ of spinal nerves.

A

Pair

43
Q

Describe what happens in the spinal reflex myotonic reflex (stretch reflex).

A

Patellar tendon is tapped and thigh muscles are stretched briefly

Sensory fibers from a pseudounipolar neuron located in the DRG are depolarized by this stretch and activate a motor neuron in the CNS

Motor neuron fibers (multipolar) will activate the stretched muscle to prevent damage

Sensory fibers will also synapse on inter neuron (purple) in the spinal cord to inhibit antagonistic muscles

MD 814 (11 decks)

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