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CRG RUSVM GA2 > spinal cord anatomy > Flashcards

spinal cord anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

what is the purpose of a complete physical and neurologic exam

A
  • to narrow the area of neurologic damage
  • localization is not the same as diagnosis of disease
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2
Q

what is the spinal cord:

A

a continuation of the brainstem out of the foramen magnum

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3
Q

how far does the spinal cord travel in dogs

A

the spinal cord travels down to the 6th/7th lumbar vertebrae

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4
Q

how are segments of the spinal cord defined

A

segments are defined by the attachment of the dorsal and ventral roots of the spinal nerves

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5
Q

how many pairs of nerve roots are there in a spinal cord

A

there are 36 pairs of nerve root bilaterally

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6
Q

what is the conus medullaris

A
  • terminal tapering of the cord
  • level of termination varies among species
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7
Q

(T/F)the nerve root of the spinal cord always mirror the exact level of the same vertebrae

A

F: the more you move caudally within the vertebral canal, the spinal nerves must extend further caudally in order to pass through their designated intervertebral foramina

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8
Q

Cauda Equina

A

where the spinal “cord” no longer exists and there are only individual nerves within the spinal canal (looks like a horse’s tail)

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9
Q

why is knowing the location of the conus medullaris is clinically relevant

A

when withdrawing CSF fluid, or application of an “epidural” anesthetic, we often insert the needle caudal to the conus medullaris to avoid puncturing the spinal cord

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10
Q

where is the conus medullaris in cats

A

L7-S3

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11
Q

where is the conus medullaris Dog

A

L6-L7

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12
Q

where is the conus medullaris Pig

A

S1-S2

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13
Q

where is the conus medullaris Ox

A

L6-S1

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14
Q

where is the conus medullaris horse

A

S2

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15
Q

how is the number of spinal cord segments related to the number of vertebrae in each region

A

The number of thoracic, lumbar, and sacral spinal cord segments is consistent with the number of vertebrae in these regions

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16
Q

how many cervical vertebrae and cervical spinal segments are in all mammals

A
  • 7 cervical vertebrae
  • 8 cervical spinal segments/nerves
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17
Q

where does the first pair of cervical spinal nerves emerge

A

through the lateral vertebral foramina of the atlas

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18
Q

where do cranial nerve 2-8 emerge from

A
  • CSN 2-8 emerge cranial to their corresponding cervical vertebrae
  • CSN 8 emerges caudally to cervical vertebra 7
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19
Q

where will thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves emerge from

A

thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves will emerge caudal to their corresponding vertebrae

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20
Q

where do the first two sacral spinal nerves in the dog emerge

A
  • the sacral foramina
    • dorsal foramina
    • pelvic foramina
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21
Q

where does the third sacral spinal nerve in the dog emerge

A

between the intervertebral foramen between the sacrum and the first caudal vertebra

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22
Q

Pia mater of the meninges

A

thin layer of connective tissue immediately adjacent to the surface of the spinal cord

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23
Q

Arachnoid of the meninges

A

thin loose connective tissue directly connected to the dura

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24
Q

Sub-arachnoid space

A

is the space beneath the arachnoid

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25
Q

Dura mater of the meninges

A

tough outer layer

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26
Q

what fluid is found in the subarachnoid space

A

CSF fluid is found here

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27
Q

what is inside the epidural space

A

the epidural space is fat-filled space between the vertebra and dura

28
Q

what is the function of the Denticulate ligaments

A

they anchor the spinal cord along its length on each side to the dura mater

29
Q

what are the 5 areas of gray matter in a cross-section of a spinal cord

A
  1. Dorsal horn
  2. Intermediate substance
  3. Lateral horn
  4. Ventral horn
  5. Central gray
30
Q

what are the 3 regions of white matter

A
  • dorsal funiculus
  • lateral funiculus
  • ventral funiculus
31
Q

Somatotopy

A

point-for-point correspondence of a specific body part to a specific region of the CNS

32
Q

Ascending tracts transport _________ info from the _______ to the _______

A

Ascending tracts transport sensory info from the spinal cord to the brain

33
Q

where is the ascending tract usually located in the funiculi

A

the ascending tract is generally located in the dorsal and lateral (external) funiculi

34
Q

what information is transported in the descending tract

A
  • commands from the brain to the spinal cord
    • initiates motor events
    • regulates motor events
35
Q

where are the descending tracts generally located in the funiculi

A

the descending tracts are generally located in the ventral and lateral (interior) funiculi

36
Q

Proprioception:

A

the perception of stimuli in relation to the body’s position, motion, and equilibrium

37
Q

In the spinal cord segments dorsal and ventral roots joint to produce

A

spinal nerves

38
Q

what is a spinal cord segment

A

the region of the spinal cord where the one set dorsal and ventral rootlets attach

39
Q

what is the function of the dorsal roots

A

bring sensory fibers into the spinal cord

40
Q

what is contained in the dorsal root ganglia

A

contains cell bodies of sensory (afferent) neurons

41
Q

what is the function of ventral roots

A

ventral roots bring motor (efferent) nerve fibers from cell bodies in the spinal cord to the effector structures (organs,muscles, glands)

42
Q
  • Branches of the spinal nerve:
    • Dorsal branch leads to
A
  • dorsal branch
    • epaxial sensory and motor
      • meningeal branch
43
Q
  • Branches of the spinal nerve:
    • ventral branch leads to
A
  • ventral branch leads to
    • hypaxial sensory and motor
44
Q
  • Branches of the spinal nerve:
    • Ramus communicans leads to
A
  • ramus communicans leads to
    • connects to the sympathetic trunk/chain of ganglia (visceral efferent and afferent)
45
Q

what is another name for the ramus commuicans

A

communicating branch

46
Q

what is the main function of the spinal cord

A

transmission of info to and from the brain

47
Q

how does the spinal cord transmit sensory information

A
  • sensory(afferent) input to everything but the head. Receives info from the peripheral nerves by the way of the dorsal roots
  • the afferent info comes from the receptors throughout the body viscera
  • Delivers info about the sensation of touch, proprioception, and pain
48
Q

How does the spinal cord transmit motor info

A
  • Motor(efferent) commands are sent to muscle and glands via ventral roots
  • commands from the brain travel in specific white matter pathways separate from the afferent sensory tracks
49
Q

what is reflex control

A

somatic and visceral tissues unconscious reaction to sensory input from the environment

50
Q

what 2 possible functions does an interneuron have (and often accoplishes both)

A
  1. integrate the afferent stimulus to induce local reflex
    1. stimulate muscles and glands
  2. relay the information to an afferent neuron for conscious perception
51
Q

what are the six functional divisions of the spinal cord based on structures supplied

A
  1. cranial cervical region
  2. cervicothoracic region
  3. thoracolumbar region
  4. lumbosacral region
  5. sacral region
  6. caudal region
52
Q

which vertebra make up the cranial cervical region

A

C1-C5

53
Q

what does the nerves of the cranial cervical region innervate

A

innervation to axial muscles and skin of cranial cervical region

54
Q

which vertebra make up the cervicothoracic region

A

C6-T2

55
Q

what does the cervical intumescene in the cervicothoracic region supply

A
  • brachial plexus
    • hence the innervation of the thoracic limb muscles and skin
56
Q

intumescence

A

enlargement

57
Q

what other structures does the cervicothoracic region innervate other than those associated with the cervical intumescence

A
  • innervation of regional axial muscles and skin
  • Sympathetic innervation to the head/eye (T1-T2)
58
Q

which vertebra make up the thoracolumbar region

A

T3-L3

59
Q

what does the thoracolumbar region innervate

A
  • innervation of regional muscles and skin
  • also contains preganglionic sympathetic neurons (“thoracolumbar”)
60
Q

which vertebra make up the lumbosacral region

A

L4-S4

61
Q

what does the lumbar intumescence in the lumbosacral region supply

A

the lumbosacral plexus, hence the innervation to the skin and muscles of the pelvic limb

62
Q

what other structures does the lumbosacral region innervate other than the structures associated with the lumbar intumescence

A
  • innervation of regional axial muscles and skin
  • Partial supply to the bladder and perineum
63
Q

which vertebra make up the sacral region

A

S1-S3

64
Q

What parasympathetic innervation does the sacral region do

A

innervation to the viscera of the pelvis and urinary bladder (pelvic nerve)

65
Q

what other innervation does the sacral region have other than the parasympathetic with the pelvic nerve

A

innervation to the perineum muscle and skin as well as external anal sphincter and urethral sphincter (pudendal nerve)

66
Q
A

CRG RUSVM GA2 (8 decks)

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