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CRG RUSVM GA2 > Reflex Vs. Response > Flashcards

Reflex Vs. Response Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up reflexes

A
  • Afferent N. (spinal cord segment)
  • Efferent N and motor unit
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2
Q

Responses require ________ awareness but do not require ________ input

A

Responses require Cortical awareness but do not require cerebral input

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3
Q

T/F reflexes imply consciousness and imply perception

A

false reflexes does not imply consciousness or percerption

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4
Q

what are the two components that make up a reflex arc

A
  1. afferent: sensory
  2. Efferent: motor
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5
Q

what is a monosynaptic spinal reflex arc

A

it is an arc that consists of one afferent and one efferent nerve

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6
Q

what is a polysynaptic spinal reflex arc

A

-one afferent and many efferent (some may be stimulatory or inhibitory)

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7
Q

what are 2 unique characteristics associated with polysynaptic reflex arcs

A
  1. will have interneuron associated
  2. Also, the stimulus may travel up the white matter to the cerebral cortex
    1. this is for perception and memory
    2. this allows for a reflex to be perceived and can elicit a response to the reflex
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8
Q

what are the target somatic organs

A

skeletal muscle

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9
Q

what are the target autonomic organs

A

Smooth/cardiac muscle or glands

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10
Q

What is a “response”

A
  • a voluntary behavior that requires a cortical input
  • perception of a stimulus (leads to) responsive movement made
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11
Q

what the difference between the afferent pathway of reflexes and responses

A

the afferent pathway for responses is the same as reflexes except that the signal continues to the cortex of the brain

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12
Q

what are reflexes

A
  • reflexes are protective mechanisms
  • These motions can occur without perception
    • the cortex is not necessary for reflexes
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13
Q

what are the questions used by clinicians to determine the presence/location of a spinal cord lesion

A
  1. is the reflex intact or absent
    1. If the reflex is intact is it normal, hyper/hypo-reflexive
  2. us there an associated response also
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14
Q

What is another name for the Panniculus reflex

A

cutaneous trunci reflex

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15
Q

The Cutaneous Trunci reflex test the integrity of what

A
  • afferent N
  • spinal cord segments
  • lateral thoracic nerve
  • Cutaneous Trunci M
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16
Q

where are the Afferent fibers contained for the Cutaneous Trunci Reflex

A

Afferent fibers are contained within the dorsal branches of spinal nerves (C8-L4)

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17
Q

why must we bilaterally test the Cutaneous Trunci Reflex

A

there could be a unilateral lesion, so we must test bilaterally

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18
Q

what are the afferent n. associated with Cutaneous Trunci Reflex

A

superficial pain receptors

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19
Q

what spinal segments are associated with Cutaneous Trunci Reflex

A

From the site of pinch cranially to the cell body of the lateral thoracic nerve located C8-T1

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20
Q

what Efferent n are associated with the Cutaneous Trunci Reflex

A

lateral thoracic n (cell body originates at C8-T1)

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21
Q

what motor unit is associated with Cutaneous Trunci Reflex

A

cutaneous trunci mm.

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22
Q

what is the reflex pathway associated with Cutaneous Trunci Reflex

A
  • Afferent n
    • travels to the spinal cord segment at the level of “pinch” ascends cranially until C8-T1
  • an interneuron activates lateral thoracic nn. bilaterally
  • Cutaneous Trunci m contracts
    • visible skin twitch
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23
Q

if the Cutaneous Trunci Reflex what are some of the causes

A
  1. Damage to afferent nociceptive fiber between C8-L4 spinal cord segments
  2. Damage to spinal cord
  3. Damage to the lateral thoracic n
  4. Damage to the cutaneous trunci m.
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24
Q

where is the site of stimulation for a forelimb withdrawal reflex

A

pinch a forelimb digit

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25
Q

for the Forelimb withdrawal reflex which afferent pathway is related to the palmar aspect

A
  • median
  • ulnar
26
Q

for the Forelimb withdrawal reflex which afferent pathway is related to the dorsal aspect

A

Radial n.

27
Q

what spinal cord segment is responsible for the forelimb withdrawal reflex

A

spinal cord segment C6-T2

28
Q

what are the efferent nerves that are associated with the forelimb reflex

A
  • Musculocutaneous n
  • Median and ulnar
29
Q

what motor units are associated with the Musculocutaneous n of the forelimb withdrawal reflex

A
  • Biceps brachii
  • brachialis
30
Q

what motor units are associated with the Median and ulnar n of the forelimb withdrawal reflex

A

Flexors of the carpus and the digits

31
Q

what is the nerve pathway of the pelvic limb withdrawal reflex for plantar surface of pes stimulation (efferent)

A

stimulation is carried via tibial n to the sciatic n to lumbosacral intumescence (L4-S2)

32
Q

what are the afferent motor units associated with the pelvic limb withdrawal reflex with the femoral nerve

A
  • Flexors of the hip
    • iliospoas
    • sartorius
    • rectus femoris
33
Q

what are the afferent motor units associated with the pelvic limb withdrawal reflex with the Sciatic nerve

A
  • flexors of the stifle
    • Biceps femoris
    • semimembranosus
    • semitendinosus
34
Q

what are the afferent motor units associated with the pelvic limb withdrawal reflex with the common peroneal nerve

A
  • (AKA fibular n)
  • Flexors of the tarsus
    • cranial tibial
    • peroneus
    • longus mm
35
Q

which nerve inhibits the extension of the stifle with the pelvic limb withdrawal reflex

A

Femoral n will inhibit tone to the remaining 3 heads of the quadriceps

36
Q

can different branches of the same nerve (femoral) be stimulated and inhibited at the same time

A

yes

37
Q

Can the same nerve that was used as an afferent n be used as an efferent nerve

A
  • yes
    • tibial to sciatic
      • sciatic n to stimulate flexion of the stifle
38
Q

what is crossed extensor reflex

A

Extension of the limb opposite of the withdrawal stimulus

39
Q

when can the crossed extensor reflex be seen

A

only in the normal standing patients

40
Q

what is the purpose of the crossed extensor reflex

A

to keep us standing despite the need for withdrawal reflex

41
Q

when is a cross-extensor reflex seen in recumbent animals

A

with spinal cord damage cranial to the limb that shows the reflex

I.E.: a lesion at L2 spinal cord segment. This animal will have intact crossed extensor reflex of the hind limb while in lateral recumbency

42
Q

what suppresses the crossed extensor reflex when we are laying down

A

proprioception would suppress this reflex as soon as we lay down

43
Q

what is a Perineal reflex

A
  • when a light touch/pinch to the skin of the anus/perineum to activate touch pressure receptors/nociceptors
  • this will result in the tightening of the anal sphincter m.
44
Q

what is the afferent and efferent nerve of the perineal reflex

A

Pudendal nerve

45
Q

What spinal cord segment does the perineal reflex test

A

S1-S3 and the pudendal n.

46
Q

when is the perineal reflex absent

A

with damage to the spinal cord segment S1-S3, or along the pudendal n pathway

47
Q

what are the other names for the Myotatic reflex

A
  • Muscle spindle reflex
  • tendon tap reflex
  • stretch reflex
48
Q

what is an example of a myotatic reflex and what does it protect

A
  1. Patellar reflex
  2. Prevents damage from overstretching a ligament
49
Q

what is the result in the muscles of the myotatic reflex

A

to increase tone to the muscle being stretched

50
Q

what are the two pathways a myotatic reflex can take place

A
  1. Tonic stretch reflex
  2. Phasic stretch reflex
51
Q

what is the Tonic stretch reflex of the myotatic reflex

A

Manipulate limbs to determine resistance to manual manipulation

52
Q

what is the phasic stretch reflex of the myotatic reflex

A

Use reflex hammer to strike tendon and rapidly stretch muscle

53
Q

what are the afferent nerves used in the myotatic reflex

A

Afferents from muscle spindle receptors sensing muscle/tendon stretch

54
Q

What is a Clonus reflex

A
  • a cloned reflex
  • after the first reflex, the upper motor neuron should moderate the reflex (inhibit the reflex)
  • if the patient has UMN disease (a lesion cranial to the reflex arc) they will often present with hyper-reflexive and or clonus
55
Q

what are the parts of the normal pain response circuit

A
  • nociceptive afferent fibers
  • spinal segment
  • afferent neuron to the brain
  • normal parietal lobe (for conscious cortical involvement)
56
Q

how hard should you pinch to test pain response

A

pinch increasingly harder until you see a behavioral response from the animal

57
Q

Do you test deep pain if superficial pain is intact

A

No because compressive lesions of the spinal cord result in predictable loss of nervous function

58
Q

what is the order of loss of nervous function from a compressive lesion from first to last

A
  1. Proprioception is lost 1st
  2. motor function is lost next
  3. Pain is lost last
    1. superficial pain is lost first
    2. deep pain will be lost last
59
Q

Is it possible to have an absent withdrawal reflex along with a normal pain response

A

Yes: efferent peripheral motor neuron could have a lesion

60
Q

Complete spinal cord lesions result in muscle tone and reflexes which are:

A

Absent At the site of the lesion and will show increased tone and hyper-reflexive caudal to the lesion

61
Q
A

CRG RUSVM GA2 (8 decks)

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