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CRG RUSVM GA2 > intro to neuro > Flashcards

intro to neuro Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two types of CNS tissue

A

-Grey matter -white matter

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2
Q

what is grey matter

A

neuron cell bodies

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3
Q

what is white matter

A

axons and supporting cells

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4
Q

where is grey matter located

A

in the cortex of the cerebrum and cerebellum

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5
Q

where is white matter locate

A

it is centrally located in the cerebrum and cerebellum

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6
Q

how is the position of the white and grey matter different in the spinal cord

A

the location of the grey and white matter are reversed

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7
Q

what is the cerebrum

A
  • comprised of two hemispheres which communicate via a tract called the Corpus Callosum (CC)
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8
Q

Gyri:

A
  • elevated folds of the convolution
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9
Q

Sulci

A
  • depressed grooves
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10
Q

what is the surface of the cerebrum comprised of

A

grey matter: also known as the Cerebral cortex

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11
Q

what are the two main jobs of the cerebrum

A
  1. concious perception and association of sensory input (thoughts and reasoning)
  2. Initiation of conciousness movement
    1. Note reflex pathways do not utilize the cortex
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12
Q

what are the 3 regions of the cerebrum

A
  1. Cerebral cortex
  2. Basal nuclei
  3. Internal capsule
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13
Q

what layer is the cerebral cortex

A

the outer layer of grey matter

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14
Q

what sensory fields are associated with the cerebral cortex

A

conscious perception of stimuli

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15
Q

what motor areas are associated with the cerebral cortex

A

voluntary initiation of skeletal muscle

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16
Q

what association areas are in the cerebral cortex

A

integration of sensory information and planning of voluntary movement, memory, reasoning, verbalization, judgment and emotion

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17
Q

what layer of there cerebrum is the basal nuclei

A
  • the inner layer of grey matter
  • cell bodies within the deeper regions of the cerebrum
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18
Q

what is the function of the Basal nuclei

A

regulation of movement

(i.e. balance, posture)

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19
Q

what type of neural tissue makes up the internal capsule

A

white matter

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20
Q

what is the internal capsule of the cerebrum

A

projections of tracts from the brain stem (thalamus) to the cerebrum

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21
Q

What is the function of the internal capsule of the cerebrum

A

all sensory information except smell is directed to the cortex via the thalamus

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22
Q

what are the functions of the thalamus

A
  1. all conscious sensory info except olfaction is relayed through the thalamus before reaching the cerebral cortex via the internal capsule
  2. relay for certain motor reflexes
  3. associated with wakefulness
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23
Q

what are the five cortical lobes of each cerebral hemisphere

A
  1. occipital
  2. parietal
  3. frontal
  4. temporal
  5. piriform
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24
Q

what is the function of the occipital lobe

A
  1. conscious perception of visual information
    1. cortical event, not an ocular event
    2. Reception Vs. perception
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25
Q

The ________ lobe has widespread connections to other parts of the brain as well

A

occipital lobe

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26
Q

what is visual preception

A

what color is the dress

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27
Q

how can lesions associated with the visual cortex of the occipital lobe affect visual perception.

A

These lesions may cause cortical blindness but the pupillary reflex will remain due to the pupillary light reflex pathway normally goes to the brain stem

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28
Q

How might an occipital lesion affect the menace response

A

a lesion on the occipital lobe may cause absent menace response since the menace response requiring cortical perception and is not a reflex

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29
Q

what does the parietal lobe contain

A

the somatosensory cortex

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30
Q

what type of information is perceived at the parietal lobe

A
  • sensory input from skin, skeletal m., ligaments, tendons and joints
  • Pain and touch are perceived here
  • the integration of sensory information to produce a 3D “map” of the body’s location in space
    • this is called proprioception
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31
Q

Proprioception

A

this is the integration of sensory info to produce a 3D map of the body’s location in space

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32
Q

what are some symptoms of loss of cutaneous proprioception

A

defined by deficits in postural reactions

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33
Q

what are some of the less common symptoms of parietal lobe lesions

A
  • lesions here can produce bizarre abnormalities of spatial perception
  • -awareness of certain parts of the space around the body is lost or altered
    • unilateral lesions produce “hemineglect”
      • failure to perceive half of one’s environment
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34
Q

what functions are the frontal lobe responsible for

A
  • initiating voluntary motor functions
    • this does not include fine-tuning motor activities
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35
Q

what behaviors are associated with the frontal lobe

A

judgment and behavior

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36
Q

what are some of the symptoms of frontal lobe lesions

A
  • lesions produce abnormalities of voluntary movement
    • CS: delay or inability to initiate movement
  • “Phineas gage”
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37
Q

Phineas Gage definition

A

alteration in attitude/ personality due to a lesion of the frontal lobe

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38
Q

how would unilateral lesions of the frontal lobe be visualized in CS

A
  • would be seen with contralateral clinical signs
    • if the right frontal lobe is lesioned, initiation of movement on the left side of the body will be effected
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39
Q

What sensory cortex is in the Temporal lobe

A

the auditory cortex

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40
Q

what is the function of the auditory cortex

A

perception and interpretation of auditory (cochlear) info

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41
Q

what in the temporal lobe allows info from both ears to reach both auditory cortices

A

-Multiple decussations

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42
Q

will the destruction of one auditory cortex produce deafness

A

no not even in one ear due to the cochlea being represented in both hemispheres

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43
Q

how would damage to the temporal lobe affect auditory info perception

A

damage to temporal lobe would result in reduced perception of sound

44
Q

what sensory information does the piriform lobe process

A

-Preception of olfactory info

45
Q

what is unique about the olfactory information in the piriform lobe

A

it is the only sensation that does not relay through the thalamus

46
Q

the Piriform lobe has a strong connection with the limbic system which is important for

A
  • Autonomic (visceral) reflexes and emotional responses
  • plays a major role in survival
47
Q

how will lesions of the piriform affect sensory perception

A

a lesion of the piriform lobe will result in reduce sense of olfaction

48
Q

where is the cerebellum located

A

centrally located vermis with left and right hemisphere caudal to the transverse fissure

49
Q

how is the cerebellum made up of CNS tissue

A

white matter is deep to an outer layer cortex of grey matter

50
Q

what are the functions associated with the cerebellum

A
  1. coordination and fine-tuning of movement
    1. control rate, range, and force of movement
51
Q

how does the cerebellum communicate with other parts of the CNS

A

via nerve tracts, called the cerebellar peduncles (CP)

52
Q

what makes up the brain stem

A
  • what remains after the cerebrum and cerebellum have been removed
    • thalamus
    • Hypothalamus
    • optic tract/optic chiasm
    • Epithalamus
    • Corpora quadrigemina
    • Pons
    • Medulla oblongata
53
Q

what is the function of the thalamus

A

it is the relay center for all afferent sensory info except smell

54
Q

what is the function of the hypothalamus

A
  • essential in the maintenance of homeostasis
  • has a direct connection to the pituitary gland
55
Q

what is the function of the epithalamus

A

connects the limbic system to the rest of the brain

56
Q

what gland is in the epithalamus

A

pineal gland

57
Q

what is the function of the pineal gland

A
  • melatonin secretion
  • photo periodicity
  • circadian rhythms
  • estrus timing
58
Q

what two parts make up the corpora quadrigemina

A
  • rostral colliculus
  • caudal colliculus
59
Q

what reflexes are processed by the rostral colliculus

A

visual reflexes

60
Q

what reflexes are processed by the caudal colliculus

A

auditory reflexes

61
Q

what do the fibers of the pons form

A
  • fibers of the pons form the cerebellar peduncle
62
Q

what is the function of the cerebellar peduncle

A

carry signals from cerebrum to cerebellum

63
Q

what is the importance of the medulla oblongata

A
  • the junction between the brain and spinal cord
  • all ascending/descending tracts pass through the medulla
64
Q

What is the importance of the Obex in the Medulla oblongata

A

CSF connection between the 4th ventricle and the central canal of the spinal cord

65
Q

what is the limbic system

A
  • not a discrete anatomical lobe
    • group of structures
    • functions in emotional and survival drives
    • pathway forms a ring around the brainstem
66
Q

the limbic system involves connections between which other major structures in the brain

A
  1. Hypothalamus
  2. Amygdala
  3. Hippocampus
  4. Cingulate gyrus
  5. Thalamus
67
Q

what are the 4 F’s of the limbic function

A
  1. Fighting
  2. feeding
  3. fleeing
  4. Ducking (sex)
68
Q

what is the primary blood supply to the spinal cord

A

ventral spinal artery

69
Q

what is the secondary arterial supply to the spinal cord

A

from the paired dorsal spinal arteries

70
Q

the_______ unity of L/R vertebral arteries with ventral spinal artery

A

Basilar A.

71
Q

what is another name for cerebral arterial circle

A

circle of willis

72
Q

what arteries feed the cerebral arterial circle

A

fed by the basilar artery and internal carotid arteries in most species

73
Q

what does the cerebral arterial circle supply

A

the cerebrum and cerebellum

74
Q

what species of animals do not have an extra-cranial internal carotid artery

A
  • adult cats
  • pigs
  • ruminants
75
Q

in these species that lack an extra-cranial internal carotid artery what supplies the cerebral arterial circle with the basilar artery

A

Rete Mirabile

76
Q

what supplies the rete mirabile

A

by the branches of the maxillary aa.

77
Q

how many layers of dura are there

A

2 layers of dura

78
Q

wherein the skull do the 2 layers separated

A

the only place the 2 layers of dura separate is at the dural reflection

79
Q

at the dural reflection what happens to the deeper layer of dura

A

the deeper layer dives between hemispheres and between cerebrum/cerebellum

80
Q

at the dural reflection what happens to the superficial dural layer

A

the superficial layer of dura remains immediately adjacent to the periosteum inside the skull

81
Q

what separates the dura of the spinal cord from the periosteum of the vertebrae

A

the dura of the spinal cord is separated from the periosteum of the vertebrae by a layer of fat in the epidural space

82
Q

what is in the Arachnoid/subarachnoid space

A

CSF: cerebrospinal fluid

83
Q

where is the Pia located

A

it adheres closely to the CNS

84
Q

what is the space called that is formed inside a dural reflections

A

sinus

85
Q

where is the dorsal sagittal sinus:

A
  • within the falx cerebri
  • between the 2 cerebral hemispheres
    • in the longitudinal fissure
86
Q

where is the transverse sinus

A
  • within the tentorium cerebelli
  • between cerebellum and cerebrum
    • in the transverse fissure
87
Q

Falx cerebri

A

dural reflection between the two cerebral hemispheres

88
Q

Tentorium cerebelli

A

transverse dural reflection between the cerebrum and cerebellum

89
Q

Venous return from the brain is via the _______

A

dorsal sinus

90
Q

where are the dural sinuses located

A

they are spaces formed where the inner and outer dural layers separate

91
Q

how do the dural sinuses achieve the venous return

A

all the fluid in the brain is collected at the dural sinuses which is ultimately drained into the vein of the head

92
Q

what fluids are collected in the dural sinuses

A
  • Venous blood
  • CSF
    • via arachnoid villi
93
Q

what is the function of the CSF in the subarachnoid space

A

provides a fluid cushion of protection and space for vessels to travel

94
Q

What are/where are arachnoid trabeculae

A
  • Located in the subarachnoid space
  • spiderweb-like beams
95
Q

what is Pia matter

A

it is the inner most meningeal layer

96
Q

where is the pia matter located

A
  • intimately follows the brain’s gyri and sulci
  • grossly, pia is seen as a very thin membrane on the surface of the brain after the dura and arachnoid are removed
97
Q

what is the importance of the pia matter

A

pia is the region of CSF production

98
Q

what produces the CSF in the pia matter

A

choroid plexus found in the ventricles

99
Q

what is the flow that is associated with the CSF

A
  • csf is produced by choroid plexus which if surrounded by the PIA mater
  • CSF is circulated through ventricles and central canal
  • the CSF is finally reabsorbed into venous blood at the Dural sinuses
100
Q

what are cisterns

A

cisterns are relatively large collections of fluid

101
Q

what is another name for Cerebellomedullary cistern

A

cisterna magna

102
Q

where is the cisterna magna located

A
  • between the cerebellum and the brain stem
  • an enlargement of the subarachnoid space
  • near the atlanto-occipital joint
  • can be used for CSF collection
103
Q

what layers make up the spinal meninges

A

the same three layers as the cranial meninges

104
Q

what is the difference between the spinal and cranial meninges

A

There is an epidural space located between the dura and the bony vertebral canal in the spinal meninges

105
Q

what is the clinical importance of the epidural space

A

it is a target for epidural anesthesia placement

106
Q
A

CRG RUSVM GA2 (8 decks)

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