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Neuro > Spinal Cord > Flashcards

Spinal Cord Flashcards

1
Q

Number of spinal nerves

A

31

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2
Q

Number of vertebra

A

33

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3
Q

C1 vertebra

A

Atlas

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4
Q

C2 vertebra

A

Axis

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5
Q

Number of cervical vertebrae

A

7

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6
Q

Number of thoracic vertebrae

A

12

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7
Q

Number of lumbar vertebrae

A

5

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8
Q

Number of sacral vertebrae

A

5 - fused to form sacrum

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9
Q

Number of coccyx vertebrae

A

4 — fused

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10
Q

Dens

A

Prominent spike on C2 vertebra

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11
Q

What does the transverse Foramen of the cervical vertebra contain

A

Vertebral artery and sympathetic chain

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12
Q

What cervical vertebrae does not have a bifid spinous process

A

C7

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13
Q

Thoracic vertebra spinous processes

A

Thinner and more descending

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14
Q

Thoracic vertebral Foramen

A

Circular

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15
Q

Lumbar spinous processes

A

Thick and broad

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16
Q

Lumbar vertebral Foramen

A

Triangular

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17
Q

2 enlargements of spinal cord

A

Cervical (C3-T1) to upper limbs
Lumbar (L1-S3) to lower limbs

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18
Q

Central canal

A

CSF surrounding spinal cord

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19
Q

What is the spinal cord covered by

A

Meninges
Dura—>arachnoid—>pia

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20
Q

Conus medullaris

A

Spinal cord tapers to a cone

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21
Q

Filum terminale

A

Spinal cord ends in a strand of tissue

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22
Q

Where does spinal cord end in adults

A

Between L1 and L2

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23
Q

Where does the spinal cord end at birth

A

L3

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24
Q

Where does the spinal cord end at 3 months of fetal life

A

Extends the whole length of spinal cord

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25
Q

Axons in dorsal cord

A

Afferent neurones- sensory

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26
Q

Axons in ventral cord

A

Efferent neurones- motor

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27
Q

Spinal nerves leave the spine- cervical segments

A

Around 1 vertebra higher than their corresponding vertebra
Except C8 which is below

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28
Q

Spinal nerves leave the spine- thoracic segments

A

1-2 vertebra below corresponding vertebra

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29
Q

Spinal nerves leave the spine- lumbar segments

A

3-4 vertebra below corresponding vertebra

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30
Q

Spinal nerves leave the spine- sacral segments

A

5 vertebra below corresponding vertebra

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31
Q

Number of pairs of cervical spinal nerves

A

8

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32
Q

Number of pairs of thoracic spinal nerves

A

12

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33
Q

Number of pairs of lumbar spinal nerves

A

5

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34
Q

Number of pairs of sacral spinal nerves

A

5

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35
Q

Number of pairs of coccygeal spinal nerves

A

1

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36
Q

3 layers of tissue covering nerves

A

Epineurium
Perineurium
Endoneurium

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37
Q

Funiculi

A

Fascicles can be collected into larger bundles

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38
Q

Epineurium

A

Outermost layer
Surrounds several fascicles

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39
Q

Perineurium

A

Covers each fascicle
Composed of several layers of epithelium bound by tight junctions

40
Q

Endoneurium

A

Delicate connective tissue around the myelin sheath of each individual axon

41
Q

What stains white matter black

A

Osmium

42
Q

What stains grey matter black

A

Silver stain

43
Q

What is silver stain used for

A

Cell bodies

44
Q

What is osmium stain used for

A

Myelin

45
Q

Which part of the spinal cord has more white matter

A

Higher levels

46
Q

Grey matter in spinal cord

A

H shaped with 4 protrusions
2 dorsal horns
2 ventral horns

47
Q

Rexed laminae

A

10 layers of grey matter
Defined by their cellular structure

48
Q

Laminae I-III

A

Substantia gelatinosa

49
Q

Laminae VII

A

Clarke’s column (C8-L3)

50
Q

Laminae IX

A

Motor supply

51
Q

Number of layers of grey matter in rexed laminae

A

10

52
Q

Which spinal nerves control spinal reflexes of the front of the arm

A

C5/C6

53
Q

Which spinal nerves control spinal reflexes of the back of the arm

A

C7/C8

54
Q

Which spinal nerves control spinal reflexes of the diaphragm

A

C3/4/5

55
Q

Which spinal nerves control spinal reflexes of the erection of penis

A

S2/S3/S4 - pudendal nerve

56
Q

Which spinal nerves control spinal reflexes of the ankle jerk

A

S1/S2

57
Q

Which spinal nerves control spinal reflexes of the knee jerk

A

L3/L4

58
Q

Which spinal nerves control spinal reflexes of the wrist and bicep

A

C5/C6

59
Q

Which spinal nerves control spinal reflexes of the triceps

A

C7/C8

60
Q

Which nerve innervates the penis

A

Pudendal nerve

61
Q

Conscious ascending tracts

A

DCML pathway and Spinothalamic pathways

62
Q

Unconscious ascending tracts

A

Spinocerebellar tracts

63
Q

Dorsal column-medial lemniscal information

A

Fine touch
Vibration
Proprioception

64
Q

Dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathway

A

Travels via dorsal columns in spinal cord then transmitted through medial lemniscus in brainstem

65
Q

Dorsal column-medial lemniscal first order neurones

A

Carry sensory information from peripheral nerves to medulla

66
Q

Dorsal column-medial lemniscal first order neurones- upper limb pathways

A

Signals from upper limbs (T6 and above)
Travel in fasciculus cuneatus
Synapse in nucleus cuneatus

67
Q

Dorsal column-medial lemniscal first order neurones- lower limbs pathway

A

Signals from lower limbs
Travel in fasciculus gracilis
Synapse in nucleus gracilis

68
Q

Dorsal column-medial lemniscal second order neurones

A

From cuneate of gracilis nuclei fibres carry information to 3rd order neurones
Decussate in medulla —> travel to contralateral thalamus

69
Q

Where do Dorsal column-medial lemniscal second order neurones decussate

A

Medulla

70
Q

Dorsal column-medial lemniscal third order neurones

A

Transmit sensory information to thalamus and ipsilateral primary sensory cortex

71
Q

3 types of ascending tracts

A

Dorsal column-medial lemniscal
Spinothalamic
Spinocerebellar

72
Q

2 types of Spinothalamic tracts

A

Anterior Spinothalamic tract
Lateral Spinothalamic tracts

73
Q

Function of anterior Spinothalamic tracts

A

Crude touch and pressure

74
Q

Function of lateral Spinothalamic tracts

A

Pain and temperature

75
Q

Spinothalamic tracts first order neurons arise from

A

Sensory receptors in the periphery

76
Q

Spinothalamic tracts first order neurons pathway

A

Sensory receptors
Enter spinal cord and synapse at tip of dorsal horn

77
Q

Spinothalamic tracts second order neurons

A

Carry information from dorsal horn to thalamus
Fibres decussate in spinal cord

78
Q

Where do Spinothalamic tracts second order neurons decussate

A

Spinal cord

79
Q

Spinothalamic tracts third order neurons

A

From thalamus to ipsilateral primary sensory cortex

80
Q

Spinocerebellar tracts

A

Group of tracts carrying unconscious proprioceptive information from muscles to cerebellum

81
Q

4 types of Spinocerebellar tracts

A

Posterior
Cuneocerebellar
Anterior
Rostral

82
Q

Posterior Spinocerebellar tracts

A

Lower limbs to ipsilateral cerebellum

83
Q

Cuenocerebellar tracts

A

Upper limbs to ipsilateral cerebellum

84
Q

Anterior Spinocerebellar tracts

A

Lower limbs to ipsilateral cerebellum
Fibres in tract decussate twice

85
Q

Rostral Spinocerebellar tracts

A

Upper limbs to ipsilateral cerebellum

86
Q

2 Spinocerebellar tracts from upper limb

A

Cuneocerebellar tracts
Rostral Spinocerebellar tracts

87
Q

2 Spinocerebellar tracts from lower limbs

A

Posterior Spinocerebellar tracts
Anterior Spinocerebellar tracts

88
Q

Which Spinocerebellar tract decussates twice

A

Anterior Spinocerebellar tracts

89
Q

Topographically

A

Fibres in the dorsal columns are arranged topographically

such that the fibers that convey information from lower limbs are in the medial subdivision of the dorsal columns, called the gracile tract, a fact of some significance in the clinical localization of neural injury. The lateral subdivision, called the cuneate tract, contains axons conveying information from the upper limbs, trunk, and neck. At the level of the upper thorax, the dorsal columns account for more than a third of the cross-sectional area of the human spinal cord.

90
Q

Characteristic of dorsal column-medial lemniscal system conduction velocities

A

Fast

91
Q

dorsal column-medial lemniscal system function

A

Carries touch and proprioception

92
Q

Topographical organisation of dorsal columns

A

Gracile
Cuneate

93
Q

Where does the dorsal column-medial lemniscal system decussate

A

Medulla then thalamus to somatosensory cortex

94
Q

Spinothalamic tract and Nociceptive information

A

Conveys nociceptive information contralaterally up the spinal cord.

95
Q

Brown-Sequard Syndrome. Following traumatic hemisection of the spinal cord on the right at the level of C7, the patient presents with which ONE of the following signs and symptoms?:-

A

Lower motor neuron paralysis at the level of C7 on the ipsilateral side.

Neuro (22 decks)

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