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Neuro > Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

CNS

A

Brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

Grey matter

A

Neurones and processes

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3
Q

How is the cortex folded

A

Into gyri and sulci

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4
Q

White matter

A

Myelinated axons

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5
Q

3 large fibre tracts

A

Association fibres
Commissural fibres
Projection fibres

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6
Q

Association fibres

A

Remain within one hemisphere

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7
Q

Commissural fibres

A

2 sets
Cross between the 2 hemispheres

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8
Q

2 sets of Commissural fibres

A

Anterior commisure
Corpus callosum

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9
Q

Projection fibres

A

Move up and down brain (brain <—> brain stem)
Internal capsules

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10
Q

4 main lobes of cerebrum

A

Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital

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11
Q

Functions of the Insula

A

Disgust, emotion, homeostasis, perception, motor control, self-awareness, cognitive functioning and interpersonal experience

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12
Q

Damage to the cerebellum causes

A

Damage causes dysdiadokokinesia, ataxia, nystagmus of eyes, intention tremor, slurring of speech, heel-shin test positive (DANISH)

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13
Q

4 key elements of blood brain barrier

A

Endothelial cell tight junctions
Lack of basement membrane fenestrations
Astrocytes end feet
Pericytes

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14
Q

2 blood supplies of the brain

A

Internal carotid arteries
Vertebral arteries

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15
Q

Anterior circulation is supplied by

A

Internal carotid artery

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16
Q

Posterior circulation is supplied by

A

Vertebral arteries

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17
Q

What are the branches off the basilar artery called

A

Pontine arteries

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18
Q

Most common territory to be affected by a stroke

A

Middle cerebral artery- break off atherosclerosis from bifurcation of common carotid

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19
Q

Why is the circle of Willis useful

A

Collateral blood supply- still perfuse tissues if one artery blocked via other arteries

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20
Q

Hypertension and pons

A

Pontine arteries are particularly susceptible to damage as supplied by high pressure basilar artery
Susceptible to haemorrhaging

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21
Q

Posterior cerebral artery supplies

A

Occipital lobe

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22
Q

Middle cerebral artery supplies

A

Lateral parts of frontal lobe, parietal lobe and temporal lobes

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23
Q

Anterior cerebral artery supplies

A

Medial and superior part of frontal and parietal lobe

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24
Q

Watershed regions

A

Areas of the brain particularly susceptible to cell death/ hypoxic ischaemia as furtherest away from arteries supplying brain

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25
Q

Which sinus connects the dural sinuses to the internal jugular vein

A

Sigmoid sinus

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26
Q

Ventricular system

A

Lateral ventricles
Interventricular Foramen
3rd ventricle
Cerebral aqueduct
4th ventricle

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27
Q

3 pathways of CSF drainage from 4th ventricle

A

Median aperture of magendie
Lateral apertures of luschka
Central canal

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28
Q

Which cells line the ventricles

A

Ependymal cells

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29
Q

Ependymal cells

A

Line ventricles
Cilia

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30
Q

Choroid plexus

A

Site of CSF production

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31
Q

Interstitial fluid drainage

A

CSF via perivascukar channels

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32
Q

How is CSF reabsorbed

A

Arachnoid granulations
Peripheral nerves to lymphatics
Nasal mucosa lymphatics deep cervical lymph nodes

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33
Q

Anterior brainstem- olives

A

Communicate with the cerebellum

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34
Q

Anterior brainstem- decussation of pyramids

A

Swapping of axonal fibres

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35
Q

Medulla include

A

Olive
Pyramid

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36
Q

What divides the medulla and pons

A

Bulbopontine sulcus

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37
Q

Peduncles

A

White matter fibres

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38
Q

What attaches pons to cerebellum

A

Middle cerebellar peduncles

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39
Q

Crus cerebri

A

Connects midbrain to cerebrum
Cerebral peduncles

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40
Q

Rhomboid fossa

A

Floor of 4th ventricle

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41
Q

Dorsal columns

A

Vibration sense
Joint position sense- regulate movement

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42
Q

Division of dorsal columns

A

Fasciculus cuneatus
Fasciculus gracilis

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43
Q

Fasciculus gracilis

A

Carry nerve fibres from legs

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44
Q

Fasciculus cuneatus

A

Nerve fibres from the arms

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45
Q

Superior colliculus

A

Visual sensory area

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46
Q

Inferior colliculus

A

Auditory nucleus

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47
Q

What carries information from the midbrain to thalamus

A

Superior and inferior brachium

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48
Q

How is the midbrain divided

A

Tectum
Tegmentum

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49
Q

What divides the tectum and tegmentum of midbrain

A

Cerebral aqueduct

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50
Q

Substantia nigra function

A

Generating dopamine
Initiating movement- damaged in Parkinson’s

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51
Q

Neuromelanin in substantia nigra

A

By-product of producing dopamine
Stains reddish-brown colour

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52
Q

Pyramids

A

Carry movement information through medulla

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53
Q

Inferior olivary nuclei

A

Main input to cerebellum
Found in rostral medulla

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54
Q

What causes the pons to bulge

A

Pontocerebellar fibres

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55
Q

Folia

A

Folds in cerebellum

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56
Q

Fissures

A

Gaps in cerebellum

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57
Q

Fissures in cerebellum

A

Primary fissure
horizontal fissure

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58
Q

Main nucleus in cerebellum

A

Dentate nucleus

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59
Q

3 parts of cerebellum

A

Archicerebellum- floculonodular lobe
Paleocerebellum- vermis
Neocerebellum- cerebellar hemispheres

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60
Q

Floculonodular lobe

A

Balance
Connected to vestibular nuclei and reticular nuclei

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61
Q

Paleocerbellum - vermis

A

Muscle tone and posture

Afferent: dorsal spinocerebellar tracts via inf cerebellar peduncle and ventral SC tract via superior CP
Efferent: Globose and emboliform nuclei to red nucleus to rubrospinal tract

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62
Q

Neocerebellum- cerebellar hemispheres

A

more fancy movements, coordination, muscle tone
Afferent: Cerebral cortex to pontocerebellar fibres (decussate) via MCP
Efferent: Purks to dentate to red nucleus & ventral thalamus via SCP

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63
Q

Cerebellar granule cells

A

Form 90% of cerebellar cortex
Send axons into folium

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64
Q

Cerebellar purkinje cells

A

Send dendrites into folium

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65
Q

Output from granule cells goes to

A

Cerebellar nuclei - mostly Dentate nucleus

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66
Q

Formix

A

Output pathway of hippocampus
Synapses at mammillary bodies

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67
Q

Lambic system and the papez circuit function

A

Memory
Motivation
Emotion
Fight or flight

68
Q

Limbic system and papez circuit contains

A

Cingulate gyrus (gyrus immediately above corpus callosum)
Anterior nucleus of Thalamus
Hippocampus
Formix
Mammillary bodies

69
Q

Function of hippocampus

A

Formation of new memories

70
Q

Internal capsule

A

Projection system in diencephalon

71
Q

Commisures system

A

Connects 2 hemispheres of brain

72
Q

3 main groups of nuclei in thalamus

A

Sensory relays
Cerebellar and basal ganglia relays to motor frontal frontal lobe
Connected to associative and limbic areas of cerebral cortex

73
Q

Function of thalamus

A

Planning of movement

74
Q

Damage to thalamus

A

Causes loss of sensation, pain or movement disorders

75
Q

Lateral geniculate nucleus in thalamus

A

First synapse of optic nerve

76
Q

Basal ganglia

A

Deep grey structures in brain that aren’t the thalamus

77
Q

Basal ganglia includes

A

Putamen
Caudate nucleus
Internal capsule
Amygdala

78
Q

Inputs to hypothalamus

A

Hippocampus
Circulating blood (physical, chemical and hormonal state)
Amygdala
Nucleus solitarius (autonomic nervous system)
Brainstem monoaminergic nuclei
Thalamus
Brainstem reticular formation

79
Q

Outputs of hypothalamus

A

Pituitary (hormones and homeostasis)
Autonomic NS (internal organ control)
Reticular formation (wakefulness/ sleep)
Thalamus (orbitofrontal cortex)+ limbic system —> nucleus accumbens (motor behaviour)

80
Q

Striatum

A

cluster of interconnected nuclei that form a part of the basal ganglia. It is involved in decision making functions, such as motor control, emotion, habit formation, and reward

81
Q

Pathways of the basal ganglia

A

Direct and indirect

82
Q

Direct pathway of basal ganglia

A

Substantia nigra -initiates movement

83
Q

Indirect pathway of basal ganglia

A

Inhibits movement

84
Q

Septum pellucidum

A

separates the frontal horns and body of the ventricle in the midline. The septum pellucidum is attached superiorly to the body of the corpus callosum and anteriorly to the genu of the corpus callosum

85
Q

Inferior frontal gyrus

A

Contains Broca’s area

86
Q

Role of mammillary bodies

A

Formation and retaining new memories

87
Q

Nucleolus bizzares

A

Drives cognition- produces ACh
Damaged in Alzheimer’s

88
Q

Pulvinar

A

Posterior part of thalamus
Important in visual processing

89
Q

Where does the spinal cord end

90
Q

Spinal cord coverings

A

Same as brain: dura, arachnoid, pia

91
Q

Function of ventral horns

A

Motor- LMN

92
Q

Function of dorsal horns

A

Sensory structure

93
Q

Dorsal columns

A

Joint position and sensation sense

94
Q

Dorsal root ganglion

A

Sensory neurons- not in spinal cord

95
Q

Spinothalamic tract

A

Sensory ascending fibres
Crude touch
Pain
Temperature

96
Q

How does the amount of white matter change in the spinal cord

A

Decreases cervical —>sacral

97
Q

Anterolateral cordotomy

A

Now usually done percutaneously
For treatment of intractable pain.
Side effects include sleep apnoea due to reticulospinal tract damage

98
Q

Why is there less grey matter in thoracic part of spinal cord

A

Less complex motion in trunk than hands/feets/arms/legs

99
Q

Lateral corticospinal tract

A

Descending tracts
Come from the pyramids
Motor fibres from UMN to LMN in spinal cord

100
Q

Dorsal column- medial lemniscus pathway

A

Vibration
Joint position

101
Q

Spinothalamic tract pathway

A

Fibres come in
Synapse
Cross tract
Ascend into brain

102
Q

Dorsal column-medial lemniscus
pathway

A

Fibres go in and ascend
Synapse in medulla
Cross then ascend into brain

103
Q

Corticospinal (pyramidal) tract pathway

A

Movement
Descending fibres
Motor cortex
Through crus cerebri —> pons —> pyramids of medulla (cross in medulla)- decussation of pyramids
UMN
LMN

104
Q

Dorsal root

A

Afferent - sensory

105
Q

Ventral root

A

Efferent - motor

106
Q

Medulla

A

Contains tracts carrying signals between the rest of the brain and the body
Contains caudal part of the reticular formation

107
Q

Caudal part of reticular formation

A

Low level sensorimotor control eg balance
Involved in variety of vital functions =
sleep/wakefullness
Motor plant: movement, maintenance of muscle tone
Various cardiac, circulatory, respiratory , excretory reflexes

108
Q

Pons

A

Relay from cortex and midbrain to cerebellum
Contains millions neuronal fibres
Pontine reticular formation (pattern generators) eg for walking

109
Q

Pontine reticular formation

A

Pattern generators eg for walking

110
Q

Tectum of midbrain

A

Visual/spatial and auditory frequency maps

111
Q

Superior colliculus

A

Sensitive to sensory change- orienting / defensive movements

112
Q

Inferior colliculus

A

Sensitive to sensory change- auditory events

113
Q

3 substances of tegmentum

A

Periaqueductal gray
Red nucleus
Substantia nigra

114
Q

Periaqueductal gray

A

Role in defensive behaviour
Role in pain (ascending and descending signals)
Roles in reproduction

115
Q

Red nucleus

A

Target of cortex and cerebellum projects to spinal cord
Role in pre-cortical motor control (especially arms and legs)

116
Q

Substantia nigra

A

Part of basal ganglia

Substantia nigra pars compacta (dopamine cells)- basal ganglia input…… Parkinson’s disease

Substantia nigra pars reticulata - basal ganglia output

117
Q

Diencephalon: thalamus

A

Specific nuclei: relay signals to cortex/limbic system for all sensations BUT smell
Non-specific nuclei: role in regulating state of sleep and wakefulness and levels of arousal
Important relays from basal ganglia and cerebellum back to cortex

118
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Regulates the pituitary gland which regulates hormonal secretion: interface between brain and hormones
Role in hormonal control of motivated behaviour including hunger, thirst, temperature, pain, pleasure and sex

119
Q

Subcortical portions

A

Basal ganglia
Limbic system

120
Q

Basal ganglia

A

Group of structures- loop organisation
Thought to be involved in motor function, action selection and reinforcement learning

121
Q

Limbic system

A

Involved in emotion, motivation and emotional association with memory
Influences the formation of memory by integrating emotional states with stored memories of physical sensations

122
Q

Limbic system contains

A

Amygdala
Hippocampus
Fornix
Cingulate gyrus
Septum
Mammillary body

123
Q

Amygdala

A

Involved in associating sensory stimuli with emotional impact

124
Q

Mammillary body

A

Breast shaped Important for the formation of recollective memory – amnesia

125
Q

Septum

A

Involved in defense and aggression

126
Q

Fornix

A

C-shaped bundle of fibres
Carries signals from the hippocampus to the mammillary bodies and septal nucleus

127
Q

Hippocampus

A

Involved in memory (long term)
Involved in spatial memory

128
Q

Cingulate gyrus

A

Linking behavioural outcomes to motivation and autonomic control – atrophied in schizophrenia

129
Q

Frontal lobe- precentral gyrus

A

Contain the precentral gyrus from which motor instructions (particularly for fine motor control) that are sent to muscles controlling hands and feet.

130
Q

Primary motor cortex

A

contains many of the cells giving origin to the descending motor pathways - it is involved in the initiation of voluntary movements

131
Q

Premotor and supplementary motor areas

A

higher level motor plans and initiation of voluntary movements.

132
Q

Functions of frontal lobe

A

Involved in - i.e. lesions disrupt….
•“Executive” planning – generating models of the consequences of actions
• Judgmental roles
• Emotional modulation
•Working memory: short-term information (rather than long-term factual data)
•Control of behavior that depends upon context or setting
•Prefrontal cortex: generating sophisticated behavioural options that are mindful of consequences

133
Q

Primary somatosensory cortex

A

Maintains representations of the body’s and of the head’s position in space.
•Permits complicated spatio-temporal predictions – e.g. catching something when you are moving

134
Q

Post central gyrus

A

Receives sensations from the rest of the body

135
Q

Inferotemporal Cortex

A

Recognition of faces and onjecgs

136
Q

Dorsal stream of occipital lobe

A

Vision for movement
Where [is it in relation to us – note path towards motor areas]

137
Q

Ventral stream of occipital lobe

A

Vision for identification
What [does it mean to us – note path towards temporal/limbic areas]

138
Q

What exits the skull via the Foramen magnum

139
Q

When does the medulla become the spinal cord

A

When C1 spinal nerves branch off

140
Q

Precentral gyrus

141
Q

Post central gyrus

A

Somatosensory

142
Q

Brodmann’s areas

A

Histologically divided the brain into 47 areas

143
Q

Corona radiata

A

bundle of projection fibers connecting the cortices of the brain with the brainstem via the internal capsule. The cortical projections of the corona radiata originate from pyramidal neurons located in the lower third of the precentral gyrus of the frontal motor cortex. On each side of the cerebral hemispheres, the corona radiatais interconnected via the corpus callosum.
The corona radiata acts as a hub for efferents and afferents, as fibers from thecorticobulbar, corticospinal and corticopontinetracts pass through it.

144
Q

Internal capsule

A

mainly composed of myelinated nerve fibers of ascending and descending tracts of the central nervous system. These tracts mainly connect the cerebral cortex with the subcortical structures, brainstem and spinal cord.
Located between thalamus and basal ganglia

145
Q

What does the straight sinus receive venous blood from

A

inferior sagittal sinus and the great cerebral vein

146
Q

Which artery supplies the motor cortex of the right leg

A

Left anterior cerebral artery

147
Q

Which artery is a direct continuation of the internal carotid artery in the circle of Willis

A

Middle cerebral artery

148
Q

How does the cavernous sinus receive blood from the orbit

A

Via superior ophthalmic vein

149
Q

Where is the cerebrospinal fluid re-absorbed into

A

Superior sagittal sinus

150
Q

Which 2 layers enclose the dural venous sinuses

A

Between meningeal and periosteal dural layers

151
Q

What carries blood to the basal ganglia

A

Lenticulo-striate arteries (branches of MCA + ACA)

152
Q

Which arteries supply the primary motor cortex

A

Anterior cerebral artery
Middle cerebral artery

153
Q

Which Brodmann’s area is Broca’s

154
Q

Which Brodmann’s area is primary motor cortex

155
Q

Which Brodmann’s area is Wernicke’s area

156
Q

Cerebellum

A

Is thought to have a part in the learning and storage of motor skills.

157
Q

Innervation of facial sweat glands

A

Sympathetic innervation via superior cervical ganglion

158
Q

Which cells do olfactory receptors synapse with in the olfactory bulb

A

Mitral cells

159
Q

Olfaction and Gustation are represented

A

Ipsilaterally

160
Q

4 types of papillae on tongue

A

Fungiform
Foliage
Circumvallate
Filiform

161
Q

Fungiform papillae

A

Anterior 2/3
Innervated by VII

162
Q

Foliate papillae

A

Edges
Posterior 1/3
Innervated. Y IX

163
Q

Circumvallate papillae

164
Q

Filiform papillae

A

Mechanical, not gustatory
Most numerous
Cover most of upper surface

165
Q

Fornix

A

White matter bundle
Connects nodes of limbic system
Cognition and episodic memory recall

Neuro (22 decks)

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