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Neuro > Neurodevelopment > Flashcards

Neurodevelopment Flashcards

1
Q

What week does the neural plate begin to form

A

3rd

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2
Q

How does the neural plate form

A

Ectoderm thickens in the mid-line

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3
Q

How does the neural groove form

A

Neural plate undergoes differential mitosis to form the neural groove

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4
Q

How does the neural tube

A

The neural groove deepens and eventually detaches from the overlying ectoderm to form the neural tube

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5
Q

Where do the neural crest cells lie

A

Lateral to the neural plate
Run dorsolaterally along the neural groove

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6
Q

What do neural crest cells form

A

Sensory ganglia, Schwann cells, adrenal medulla, meninges and dermis

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7
Q

Which week does the prosencephalon, mesencephalon and rhombencephalon develop

A

By week 5

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8
Q

What has happened by week 5

A

The prosencephalon, mesencephalon and rhombencephalon have developed

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9
Q

By what week have the secondary brain vesicles developed

A

7

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10
Q

What do the secondary brain vesicles give rise to

A

The mature brain

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11
Q

Timeline of brain development

A

Week 3- ectoderm —>neural plate —> neural groove —> neural tube
Week 5- prosencephalon, mesencephalon and rhombencephalon develop
Week 7- secondary brain vesicles develop

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12
Q

Primary brain vesicles

A

prosencephalon, mesencephalon and rhombencephalon

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13
Q

Secondary brain vesicles

A

Telencephalon
Diencephalon
Mesencephalon
Metencephalon
Myelencephalon

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14
Q

What are the secondary brain vesicles of the prosencephalon

A

Telencephalon
Diencephalon

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15
Q

What secondary vesicles are part of the rhombencephalon

A

Metencephalon
Myelencephalon

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16
Q

Derivative in mature brain of prosencephalon

A

Cerebral hemispheres
Lateral ventricles
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
3rd ventricle

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17
Q

Derivative in mature brain of mesencephalon

A

Midbrain
Aqueduct

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18
Q

Derivative in mature brain of rhombencephalon

A

Cerebellum
Pons
Upper 4th ventricle
Medulla oblongata

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19
Q

What week does eye formation begin

A

3

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20
Q

Developmental milestones: cerebral expansion and commissures

A

10 weeks

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21
Q

Developmental milestones: basic structures

A

3 months

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22
Q

Developmental milestones: eye formation

A

3 weeks

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23
Q

Developmental milestones: myelination has begun

A

5 months

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24
Q

Developmental milestones: lobes and cerebrum have formed

A

7 months

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25
Q

Developmental milestones: gyri and sulci have formed

A

9 months

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26
Q

What are CNS abnormalities dependent on

A

Time of infection

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27
Q

Week 6 infection causes

A

Eye malformations

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28
Q

Week 9 infections cause

A

Deafness

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29
Q

Week 5-10 infections cause

A

Cardiac malformation

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30
Q

When do CNS abnormalities typically occur

A

2nd trimester

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31
Q

When does the risk of CNS disorders fall

A

After 16 weeks as most structures have developed by this point

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32
Q

When is the dermal skin innervated

A

28 weeks

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33
Q

When do the dorsal root ganglia connect to the spinal cord

A

8 week

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34
Q

Non-noxious development of sensation

A

Dorsal root connect to the spinal cord from 8 weeks

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35
Q

When does C-fibre connection occur

A

19 weeks

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36
Q

Noxious development of sensation

A

C-fibre connection occurring in week 19

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37
Q

When does the organised thalamus occur

A

Week 8

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38
Q

When does retinal input arrive

A

14-16 weeks

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39
Q

When does myelination occur

A

Week 25

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40
Q

When does the connection from the thalamus to the cortex occur

A

24 weeks

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41
Q

Eye malformation

A

Week 6 infection

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42
Q

Deafness

A

Week 9 infections

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43
Q

Cardiac malformations

A

Weeks 5-10 infections

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44
Q

Development of sensation timeline

A

Week 8: dorsal root ganglia connect to spinal cord (non-noxious) and organised thalamus
Week 14-16: retinal inputs arrive
Week 19: C-fibre connection occurs (noxious)
Week 24: connection from the thalamus to the cortex
Week 25: myelination occurs
Week 28: dermal skin is innervated

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45
Q

When does the blood-brain barrier begin to form

A

Week 8

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46
Q

What is the blood-brain barrier formed by

A

Endothelial cells
Pericytes
Astrocytes
(Endothelial tight junctions and continuous basement membrane)

47
Q

Which parts of the brain lack a blood-brain barrier

A

Circumventricular organs
I.e. posterior pituitary needs to be connect with blood as has a sensory role

48
Q

At what week should the neural tube be closed

A

Week 4

49
Q

Spina bifida

A

Failure of the closing of the spinal cord by week 4

50
Q

Anencephalus

A

Failure of the neural tube closing in the Cephalic region

51
Q

Detection of brain activity

A

Increased neural activity results in increased release of neurotransmitters and their breakdown products
More neurally active regions require more oxygen and blood

52
Q

EEG (electroencephalogram)

A

Indication of regional brain activity
electroencephalogram (EEG) is a test that measures electrical activity in the brain using small, metal discs (electrodes) attached to the scalp
Useful for detecting signs of epilepsy
Over-excitation of neurons can lead to cell death

53
Q

Modern imaging techniques monitor haemodynamuc changes

A

More neurally active regions require more oxygen and blood

54
Q

CSF lumbar puncture

A

Increased neural activity results in increased release of neurotransmitters and their break down products

55
Q

Ways to detect brain activity

A

Lumbar puncture
Monitoring haemodynamic changes
EEG (electroencephalogram)

56
Q

What percentage of the brain is fat

A

60%

57
Q

At what age are you ambidextrous until

A

3 years

58
Q

Primitive reflexes

A

Rooting Reflex: turn head and mouth in direction of stroking of cheek
Sucking Reflex: babies will suck object that touches the lips
Moro (Startle) Reflex: back arches, legs and arms are flung out and then brought back toward chest into a hugging motion
Grasping (Palmar) Reflex: babies grasp objects pressed against palms
Stepping Reflex: babies will mimic walking when help upright
Babinski Reflex: infant fans toes when feet are stroked
Tonic-Neck Reflex: infant turns head to one side, extending arm and leg

59
Q

How far away are objects from the eyes when seen best

A

7-9 inches

60
Q

Vision when born

A

Lack peripheral vision
Able to track movement within 1 day of birth
Convergence does not occur until 7/8 weeks
Cones less developed than rods at birth, but at 3 months can see most visible colours

61
Q

Hearing when born

A

Middle and inner ear mature in shape and size. So hear remarkably well
Show preference for mothers’ voice

62
Q

Smell at birth

A

Smell well developed at birth
Demonstrate facial expressions to different odours
Aversion for noxious and preference for pleasant odours
Recognize familiar odours
Learned preference for mother

63
Q

Taste at birth

A

Tastes sensitive at birth
Discriminate between salty, sour, and bitter tastes
Prefers sweet – works as an analgesic

64
Q

Developmental progress

A

Cranial to caudal
Proximal to distal
Simple to complex

65
Q

Left hemisphere responsible for

A

Verbal, Speaking, Reading, Thinking, Reasoning, Processes information sequentially, One piece of information at a time

66
Q

Right hemisphere responsible for

A

Nonverbal, Spatial relationships, Patterns/Drawing recognition, Music, Emotional expression, Processes information holistically

67
Q

Red flags of development

A

Syndromic children/Dysmorphisms
History of brain injury
Any loss of skills at any age
Visually not fixing or following an object
Hearing loss
Low or High muscle tone
Squint after 3 to 4 months (6th nerve)
Cannot hold object placed in hand at 5 months
Can’t sit unsupported by 12 months
Boys not walking by 18 months
Girls not walking by 2 years
Persistent toe walking
No speech by 18 months
Can’t point at object to share interest with others by 2 years
Handedness before 3 years old

68
Q

Folic acid (B9) supplementation

A

Reduces the risk of spina bifida and anancephaly

69
Q

Lissencephaly disorder

A

Smooth brain
Neuronal migration
Unreactive neonate

70
Q

Fetal alcohol syndrome

A

No safe level
Bingeing is worse but as little as 2 units per day can affect a fetus
Low nasal bridge, short nose and flat midface, small forehead (microcephaly), thin upper lip

71
Q

Cystic periventricular leukomalacia

A

Death of oligodendrocytes
Around 5% of babies less than 32 weeks

72
Q

When does eye convergence occur

A

7/8 weeks

73
Q

By what age can babies see most visible colours

A

3 months

74
Q

Ventricular haemorrhage

A

Around 80% of babies less than
32 weeks have a normal scan
Around 14% have small bleeds

Around 6% of babies less than
32 weeks have scans like these
Neonatal brains display significant plasticity

75
Q

What layer of the primitive streak forms the nervous system

A

Ectoderm

76
Q

The ectoderm forms

A

Skin
Nervous sustem

77
Q

The endoderm forms

A

Epithelial lining of gut and respiratory system
Liver
Oancreas

78
Q

The mesoderm forms

A

Notochord
Muscular system

79
Q

When does Gastrulation occur

A

Week 3

80
Q

Formation of spinal cord

A

Ectoderm thickens in midline to form the neural plate

81
Q

Formation of neural tube

A
  1. Notochord forms the mesoderm cells soon after Gastrulation is complete
  2. Signals from notochord cause inward folding of ectoderm at the neural plate
  3. Ends of the neural plate fuse and disconnect to form an autonomous neural tube
82
Q

Where do the presumptive neural crest cells lie

A

Lateral to the neural groove

83
Q

What do the spinal ganglion give rise to

A

Dorsal root ganglio

84
Q

Where do the spinal ganglion lie

A

Either side of the neural tube

85
Q

What do the neural crest cells give rise to

A

Schwann cells
Adrenal medulla
Bony skull
Meninges
Sensory dorsal root ganglia of spinal cord and V/VII/IX/X

86
Q

What do the mesoderm give rise to

A

Osteoblasts
Osteoclasts
Adipocytes
Chondrocytes

87
Q

What do the ectoderm cells give rise to

A

Melanocytes
Schwann cells
Neurons

88
Q

When does the neural tube close

A

End of 4th week

89
Q

Anencephaly

A

Failure to close Cephalic region of neural tube

90
Q

Spina bifida

A

Failure to close spinal region of neural tube

91
Q

Environmental factors of spina bifida

A

Folic acid
Maternal diabetes

92
Q

Brain development - week 4

A

Prosencephalon – cerebral hemispheres and thalamic structures
Mesencephalon – midbrain
Rhombencephalon – medulla, pons and cerebellum

93
Q

Microcephaly

A

Reduced head circumference

94
Q

Macrocephaly

A

Increased head circumference

95
Q

Periventricular nodular heterotopia

A

Abnormal migration of neurons

96
Q

Meningocele

A

Protrusion of the meninges

97
Q

Myelomeningocele

A

Protrusion and opened spinal cord

98
Q

Hydrocephalus

A

Accumulation of CSF with increased intracranial pressure
Can cause macrocephaly in children (therefore always scan increasing head size)

Obstructive (non-communicating): e.g. tumour, haemorrhage.

Non-obstructive (communicating): e.g. increased CSF production

99
Q

When are most spinal cord defects detected

A

20 week scan

100
Q

Brain development- week 6

A

Telencephalon
Diencephalon
Mesencephalon
Rhombencephalon
Fourth ventricle
Brainstem

101
Q

What does the prosencephalon give rise to

A

Cerebral hemispheres
Thalamic structures

102
Q

What does the mesencephalon give rise to

A

Midbrain

103
Q

What does the rhombencephalon give rise to

A

Medulla
Pons
Cerebellum

104
Q

Is microcephaly or macrocephaly more likely to be indicative of pathology

A

Microcephaly- stem cells have not divided properly (eg teratogens )
For example alcohol fetal syndrome

105
Q

Neural crest cells don’t form…

A

Astrocytes

106
Q

Developmental milestones: week 3

A

Eye formation

107
Q

Developmental milestones: week 10

A

Cerebral expansion and commissures

108
Q

Developmental milestones: 3 months

A

Basic structures

109
Q

Developmental milestones: 5 months

A

Myelination has begun

110
Q

Developmental milestones: 7 months

A

Lobes and cerebrum have formed

111
Q

Developmental milestones: 9 months

A

Gyri and sulci have formed

112
Q

The nervous system begins to form in week 3 after fertilisation.Which of the following statements about the embryology of the spinal cord is true- formed from?

A

Ectoderm

113
Q

Which embryological structure is the precursor to the developing pons and cerebellum?

A

Metencephalon

Neuro (22 decks)

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