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Neuro > Deep Brain Structures > Flashcards

Deep Brain Structures Flashcards

1
Q

Associated nuclei of basal ganglia

A

Caudate nucleus
Putamen
Globus pallidus
Subthalamic nucleus
Substantia nigra
(Pedunculopontine nucleus)

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2
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

Reduction in striatal dopamine due to degeneration of Substantia nigra

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3
Q

Huntington’s chorea

A

Hereditary disorder with chorea and dementia

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4
Q

Hemiballism

A

Due to lesion in the Subthalamic nucleus

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5
Q

Surgical treatment of Parkinson’s disease

A

Involves making lesions or inserting stimulating electrodes into different regions of the basal ganglia

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6
Q

Lentiform nucleus

A

Putamen
Globus pallidus

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7
Q

Striatum

A

Caudate nucleus
Putamne

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8
Q

Corpus striatum

A

Caudate nucleus
Putamen
Globus pallidus

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9
Q

2 parts of Globus pallidus

A

GP externis
GP internis

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10
Q

2 parts of the Subthalamic nucleus

A

Pars compacta
Pars reticularis

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11
Q

What separates the caudate nucleus and Putamen

A

Internal capsule

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12
Q

Function of basal ganglia

A

Related to motor refinement, acting as a tonically active break, preventing unwanted movements to start
Reducing excitatory input to cerebral cortex - prevents excessive and exaggerated movement

Modulates cognitive and emotional responses

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13
Q

Inputs to Putamen

A

From motor and somatosensory cortices

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14
Q

Outputs of Putamen

A

Motor areas of cortex

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15
Q

Input of caudate nucleus

A

Cortical association areas

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16
Q

Output of caudate nucleus

A

Prefrontal areas

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17
Q

Inputs of ventral striatum

A

Limbic inputs- related to emotions

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18
Q

Arterial supply of basal ganglia is mainly from

A

Middle cerebral artery —> lenticulostraite artery

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19
Q

Periaqueductal grey function

A

Receives input from somatosensory cortex
Part of descending pain pathway

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20
Q

Location of Periaqueductal grey

A

Grey matter around cerebral aqueduct in midbrain

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21
Q

Functions of basal ganglia

A

Facilitates purposeful behaviour and movement
Inhibits unwanted movement
Controls posture and movement
Selects which competing systems to activate- emotions, cognition, sensorimotor

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22
Q

Motor disorders of basal ganglia

A

Parkinson’s disease = lack of dopamine
Huntington’s disease = excess dopamine

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23
Q

Psychiatric disorders of basal ganglia

A

OCD
ADHD

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24
Q

Secondary damage to basal ganglia

A

Cerebral palsy
Wilson disease

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25
Q

Wilson disease

A

Excessive storage of copper in the liver, eyes and brain
Results in CNS dysfunction and hepatic disease

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26
Q

Symptoms of Parkinson’s disease

A

Spasticity
Reduced movement
Bradykinesia
Tremor
Muscle rigidity

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27
Q

Pathophysiology of Parkinson’s

A

Loss of dopaminergic neurons in Substantia nigra

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28
Q

Treatment of Parkinson’s

A

L-dopa= aims to correct dopamine deficiency
Converted into dopamine by serotonin neurons
Wear-off effect- drugs only work for a limited time, once wear off symptoms can come back worse

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29
Q

Pathophysiology of Huntington’s disease

A

36+ CAG repeats
Too little GABA resulting in too much dopamine
Autosomal dominant with full Penetrance

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30
Q

Treatment of Huntington’s

A

Dopamine receptor blockers

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31
Q

Symptoms of Huntington’s

A

Dementia
Personality change
Atrophy of the ventricles resulting in destruction of the striatum- particularly caudate nucleus

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32
Q

Function of papez circuit

A

Controls emotional expression
Role in memory functions

33
Q

Pathway of papez circuit

A

Hippocampal formation
Fornix
Mammillary bodies
Mammillothalamic tract
Anterior Thalamic nucleus
Cingulum
Entorhinal cortex
Hippocampal formation

34
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A

Degeneration occurs in parts of papez circuit
Results in episodic memory problems

35
Q

Semantic dementia

A

Causes defects in all semantic memory functions= including making and single word comprehension
Occurs due to damage in the mammillary bodies and ventral lateral nucleus

36
Q

Transient global amnesia

A

Patients develop acute selective disorder of episdosic memory
Unable to learn new information

37
Q

Episodic explicit memory

A

Autobiographical
Hippocampus and midbrain

38
Q

Semantic explicit memory

A

Knowledge
Frontal temporal lobe

39
Q

explicit memory

A

Conscious memory

40
Q

Implicit memory

A

Unconscious memory

41
Q

Skills and habits Implicit memory

A

Cerebellum
Basal ganglia

42
Q

Conditioned reflexes Implicit memory

A

Cerebellum

43
Q

Emotion Implicit memory

A

Amygdala

44
Q

Parts of the corpus callosum - anterior to posterior

A

Rostrum
Genu
Body
Isthmus
Splenium

45
Q

What forms the medial wall of the lateral ventricle

A

Fornix and septum

46
Q

Which sensation does NOT go through the thalamus

A

Olfactory

47
Q

What forms the roof and lateral wall of the lateral ventricle

A

Body and genu of corpus callosum

48
Q

Function of basal ganglia

A

Planning and modulation of movement
Memory
Eye movements
Reward and pleasure

49
Q

Where is the amygdala situated

A

End of caudate nucleus

50
Q

Which structure runs underneath the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle

A

Hippocampus

51
Q

What attaches to the end of the Fornix

A

Mammillary bodies

52
Q

Fornix function

A

Emotional responses
Behavioural response eg feeding, reproduction and caring for young

53
Q

Fornix structure

A

C-shaped bundle of white matter below corpus callosum

54
Q

Thalamus function

A

Relays motor and sensory impulses between higher centres of the brain and peripheries

55
Q

Hippocampus function

A

Processing of long term memory
Emotional responses

56
Q

Internal capsule location

A

Between striatum and thalamus

57
Q

Corpus striatum composed of

A

Caudate nucleus
Putamen and Globus pallidus

58
Q

Lentiform nucleus

A

Putamen and Globus pallidus

59
Q

Function of corpus striatum

A

Motor control
reward systems

60
Q

What separated the Putamen and Globus pallidus

A

Lateral medullary lamina

61
Q

What separates the 2 parts of the Globus pallidus

A

Medial medullary lamina

62
Q

What runs laterally to the Putamen- most lateral to directly next to putamen

A

Extreme capsule
Claustrum
External capsule

63
Q

Function of nucleus accumbens

A

Brains reward centre
Related to addiction behaviour

64
Q

Location of nucleus acumbens

A

Putamen and Globus pallidus are no longer separated by lateral medullary lamina

65
Q

Which structure is important for recollective memory

A

Mammillary bodies

66
Q

Papez circuit function

A

Controls emotional expression
Episodic memory consolidation
Appropriate behaviour

67
Q

Papez circuit

A

Hippocampus
Fimbria
Fornix
Mammillary body
[mammilothalamic tract]
Thalamus
Cingular gyrus
Parahippocampal gyrus
Entorhinal cortex (part of hippocampus)
Hippocampus

68
Q

What does the papez circuit start and end with

A

Hippocampus

69
Q

Association fibres

A

Link cortical regions within one hemisphere

70
Q

Commissural fibres

A

Link similar functional areas of 2 hemispheres eg corpus callosum

71
Q

Projection fibres

A

Link the cortex with Subcortical structures eg thalamus and spinal cord via internal capsule and corona radiata

72
Q

Examples of association fibres

A

Superior longitudinal Fasciculus

73
Q

Examples of commissural fibres

A

Corpus callosum

74
Q

Examples of projection fibres

A

Corona radiata
Centrum semiovale
Internal capsule
Cerebral peduncle
Pyramids

75
Q

What white matter fibres descend directly above the internal capsule

A

Corona radiata

76
Q

Which structure is associated with addiction

A

Nucleus acumbens

77
Q

What part of the brain contains the Substantia nigra

A

Mesencephalon

78
Q

The direct and indirect basal ganglia pathway explain groups of brain structures which can co-ordinate either an initiatory or inhibitory movement response respectively. Similar to the papez circuit whereby many structures of the brain have a co-ordinated series of activity to illicit emotional control. What inhibits and excites the striatum in the indirect pathway of basal ganglia?

A

Inhibitor: Substantia nigra pars compacta Excitor: Cerebral Cortex

Neuro (22 decks)

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