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Deep Brain Structures Flashcards

1
Q

Associated nuclei of basal ganglia

A

Caudate nucleus
Putamen
Globus pallidus
Subthalamic nucleus
Substantia nigra
(Pedunculopontine nucleus)

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2
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

Reduction in striatal dopamine due to degeneration of Substantia nigra

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3
Q

Huntington’s chorea

A

Hereditary disorder with chorea and dementia

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4
Q

Hemiballism

A

Due to lesion in the Subthalamic nucleus

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5
Q

Surgical treatment of Parkinson’s disease

A

Involves making lesions or inserting stimulating electrodes into different regions of the basal ganglia

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6
Q

Lentiform nucleus

A

Putamen
Globus pallidus

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7
Q

Striatum

A

Caudate nucleus
Putamne

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8
Q

Corpus striatum

A

Caudate nucleus
Putamen
Globus pallidus

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9
Q

2 parts of Globus pallidus

A

GP externis
GP internis

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10
Q

2 parts of the Subthalamic nucleus

A

Pars compacta
Pars reticularis

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11
Q

What separates the caudate nucleus and Putamen

A

Internal capsule

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12
Q

Function of basal ganglia

A

Related to motor refinement, acting as a tonically active break, preventing unwanted movements to start
Reducing excitatory input to cerebral cortex - prevents excessive and exaggerated movement

Modulates cognitive and emotional responses

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13
Q

Inputs to Putamen

A

From motor and somatosensory cortices

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14
Q

Outputs of Putamen

A

Motor areas of cortex

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15
Q

Input of caudate nucleus

A

Cortical association areas

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16
Q

Output of caudate nucleus

A

Prefrontal areas

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17
Q

Inputs of ventral striatum

A

Limbic inputs- related to emotions

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18
Q

Arterial supply of basal ganglia is mainly from

A

Middle cerebral artery —> lenticulostraite artery

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19
Q

Periaqueductal grey function

A

Receives input from somatosensory cortex
Part of descending pain pathway

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20
Q

Location of Periaqueductal grey

A

Grey matter around cerebral aqueduct in midbrain

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21
Q

Functions of basal ganglia

A

Facilitates purposeful behaviour and movement
Inhibits unwanted movement
Controls posture and movement
Selects which competing systems to activate- emotions, cognition, sensorimotor

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22
Q

Motor disorders of basal ganglia

A

Parkinson’s disease = lack of dopamine
Huntington’s disease = excess dopamine

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23
Q

Psychiatric disorders of basal ganglia

A

OCD
ADHD

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24
Q

Secondary damage to basal ganglia

A

Cerebral palsy
Wilson disease

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25
Wilson disease
Excessive storage of copper in the liver, eyes and brain Results in CNS dysfunction and hepatic disease
26
Symptoms of Parkinson’s disease
Spasticity Reduced movement Bradykinesia Tremor Muscle rigidity
27
Pathophysiology of Parkinson’s
Loss of dopaminergic neurons in Substantia nigra
28
Treatment of Parkinson’s
L-dopa= aims to correct dopamine deficiency Converted into dopamine by serotonin neurons Wear-off effect- drugs only work for a limited time, once wear off symptoms can come back worse
29
Pathophysiology of Huntington’s disease
36+ CAG repeats Too little GABA resulting in too much dopamine Autosomal dominant with full Penetrance
30
Treatment of Huntington’s
Dopamine receptor blockers
31
Symptoms of Huntington’s
Dementia Personality change Atrophy of the ventricles resulting in destruction of the striatum- particularly caudate nucleus
32
Function of papez circuit
Controls emotional expression Role in memory functions
33
Pathway of papez circuit
Hippocampal formation Fornix Mammillary bodies Mammillothalamic tract Anterior Thalamic nucleus Cingulum Entorhinal cortex Hippocampal formation
34
Alzheimer’s disease
Degeneration occurs in parts of papez circuit Results in episodic memory problems
35
Semantic dementia
Causes defects in all semantic memory functions= including making and single word comprehension Occurs due to damage in the mammillary bodies and ventral lateral nucleus
36
Transient global amnesia
Patients develop acute selective disorder of episdosic memory Unable to learn new information
37
Episodic explicit memory
Autobiographical Hippocampus and midbrain
38
Semantic explicit memory
Knowledge Frontal temporal lobe
39
explicit memory
Conscious memory
40
Implicit memory
Unconscious memory
41
Skills and habits Implicit memory
Cerebellum Basal ganglia
42
Conditioned reflexes Implicit memory
Cerebellum
43
Emotion Implicit memory
Amygdala
44
Parts of the corpus callosum - anterior to posterior
Rostrum Genu Body Isthmus Splenium
45
What forms the medial wall of the lateral ventricle
Fornix and septum
46
Which sensation does NOT go through the thalamus
Olfactory
47
What forms the roof and lateral wall of the lateral ventricle
Body and genu of corpus callosum
48
Function of basal ganglia
Planning and modulation of movement Memory Eye movements Reward and pleasure
49
Where is the amygdala situated
End of caudate nucleus
50
Which structure runs underneath the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle
Hippocampus
51
What attaches to the end of the Fornix
Mammillary bodies
52
Fornix function
Emotional responses Behavioural response eg feeding, reproduction and caring for young
53
Fornix structure
C-shaped bundle of white matter below corpus callosum
54
Thalamus function
Relays motor and sensory impulses between higher centres of the brain and peripheries
55
Hippocampus function
Processing of long term memory Emotional responses
56
Internal capsule location
Between striatum and thalamus
57
Corpus striatum composed of
Caudate nucleus Putamen and Globus pallidus
58
Lentiform nucleus
Putamen and Globus pallidus
59
Function of corpus striatum
Motor control reward systems
60
What separated the Putamen and Globus pallidus
Lateral medullary lamina
61
What separates the 2 parts of the Globus pallidus
Medial medullary lamina
62
What runs laterally to the Putamen- most lateral to directly next to putamen
Extreme capsule Claustrum External capsule
63
Function of nucleus accumbens
Brains reward centre Related to addiction behaviour
64
Location of nucleus acumbens
Putamen and Globus pallidus are no longer separated by lateral medullary lamina
65
Which structure is important for recollective memory
Mammillary bodies
66
Papez circuit function
Controls emotional expression Episodic memory consolidation Appropriate behaviour
67
Papez circuit
Hippocampus Fimbria Fornix Mammillary body [mammilothalamic tract] Thalamus Cingular gyrus Parahippocampal gyrus Entorhinal cortex (part of hippocampus) Hippocampus
68
What does the papez circuit start and end with
Hippocampus
69
Association fibres
Link cortical regions within one hemisphere
70
Commissural fibres
Link similar functional areas of 2 hemispheres eg corpus callosum
71
Projection fibres
Link the cortex with Subcortical structures eg thalamus and spinal cord via internal capsule and corona radiata
72
Examples of association fibres
Superior longitudinal Fasciculus
73
Examples of commissural fibres
Corpus callosum
74
Examples of projection fibres
Corona radiata Centrum semiovale Internal capsule Cerebral peduncle Pyramids
75
What white matter fibres descend directly above the internal capsule
Corona radiata
76
Which structure is associated with addiction
Nucleus acumbens
77
What part of the brain contains the Substantia nigra
Mesencephalon
78
The direct and indirect basal ganglia pathway explain groups of brain structures which can co-ordinate either an initiatory or inhibitory movement response respectively. Similar to the papez circuit whereby many structures of the brain have a co-ordinated series of activity to illicit emotional control. What inhibits and excites the striatum in the indirect pathway of basal ganglia?
Inhibitor: Substantia nigra pars compacta Excitor: Cerebral Cortex

Neuro (22 decks)

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