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MSS - MSK Exam 1 > Spinal Articulations > Flashcards

Spinal Articulations Flashcards

1
Q

primary curve

A

anterior concavity

thoracic and sacral regions

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2
Q

curvature of fetus?

A

primary curve

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3
Q

secondary curve?

A

anterior convexity

develops in response to lifting head and walking

lumbar and cervical regions

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4
Q

lordosis

A

exaggerated secondary curve

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5
Q

kyphosis

A

exaggerated primary curve

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6
Q

scoliosis

A

lateral S-shaped curve in any region of vertebral column

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7
Q

zygopophyseal joint type?

A

synovial joint

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8
Q

three major classifications of joints?

A

membranous, cartilagenous, synovial

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9
Q

what has cartilagenous joint?

A

intervertebral discs and pubic symphysis

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10
Q

two components of intervertebral disc?

A

annulus fibrosis

  • cocentric lamellae
  • each ring has 90 degree rotation

nucleus pulposus

  • allows for movement
  • hydrated gelatinous mass (more liquid)
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11
Q

annulus fibrosis

A

outer fibrocartilagenous ring of the intervertebral disc

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12
Q

nucleus pulposus

A

inner highly elastic, highly hydrated gelatinous

in center of the intervertebral disc

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13
Q

what happens to IV discs as you age?

A

decrease in thickness due to dehydration

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14
Q

shape of IV discs?

A

wedge shaped

  • thicker anteriorly in cervical and lumbar
  • assist with secondary curves
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15
Q

attachment of IV disc?

A

above and below - hyaline cartilage to vertebral bodies

anterior/posterior to longitudinal spinal ligaments

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16
Q

ruptured disc?

A

tear of annulus fibrosis

-leading to loss of integrity between contiguous vertebrae

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17
Q

herniated disc?

A

tear of annulus fibrosis where the nucleus pulposus squeezes through rupture

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18
Q

what happens during flexion and extension in the IV disc?

A

compression and elongation of the nucleus pulposus

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19
Q

anterior longitudinal ligament

A

nice and broad

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20
Q

posterior longitudinal ligament

A

serrated (on posterior of body)

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21
Q

what is more of a problem with bulging of IV discs?

A

more of a problem posteriorly

-will impinge on the spinal cord

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22
Q

rediculopathy?

A

pushing on a spinal root

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23
Q

how many cervical nerves?

A

8

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24
Q

how many thoracic nerves?

A

12

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25
Q

how many lumbar nerves

A

5

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26
Q

how many sacral nerves?

A

5

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27
Q

how many coccygeal nerves?

A

1 Co1

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28
Q

posterolateral herniation

A

push on the spinal nerve

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29
Q

posterior herniation

A

push on cord or cauda equina

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30
Q

L4-L5 herniation (posterolateral) will impinge what nerve?

A

LV5 spinal nerve

would see L5 rediculopathy

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31
Q

most common spaces of herniation?

A

LV4-5 to SV1

cervical and lumbar regions

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32
Q

anterior longitudinal spinal ligament layers?

A

deep layer with short fibers
-span contiguous vertebrae

superficial layer with long fibers
-span many vertebrae

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33
Q

function of anterior longitudinal spinal ligament?

A

prevents excessive extension

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34
Q

attachment of anterior longitudinal spinal ligaments?

A

anterior surface of all vertebrae

-extends from basilar portion of occipital bone to sacrum

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35
Q

posterior longitudinal spinal ligament attachments?

A

posterior surface of all vertebral bodies

-extends from occipital bone to sacrum

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36
Q

function of posterior lontigudinal spinal ligament?

A

prevents excessive flexion

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37
Q

posterior longitudinal spinal ligament layer?

A

deep layer with short fibers

superficial layer with long fibers

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38
Q

posterior longitudinal spinal ligament and herniations?

A

pushes it posterolaterally

-causes spinal nerve impingement

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39
Q

zygapophysis

A

facet joints of articulating surfaces between vertebrae

40
Q

articulation of the cervical regions allow?

A

flexion, extension, rotation, and lateral flexion

41
Q

articulation of thoracic regions allow?

A

rotation, lateral flexion

little flexion and almost no extension

42
Q

articulations of the lumbar regions allow?

A

flexion, extension, sidebending

-very limited rotation

43
Q

what limits the motion of the thoracic region?

A

presence of ribs

-also long thoracic spinous processes and thin IV discs

44
Q

what do thoracic vertebrae limit?

A

the anterior and posterior translocation

*bc of vertical coronal articulation

45
Q

where is the anterior longitudinal spinal ligament widest?

A

as you descend the spinal column

46
Q

ligamentum flavum

A

from lamina to lamina

slightly yellow in color ELASTIC

47
Q

attachment of ligamentum flavum?

A

internal surfaces of adjacent laminae from CV2 down

48
Q

function of ligamentum flavum?

A

maintaining upright posture by limiting flexion

-aligns facet joints to return to normal posture

49
Q

recoil memory

A

ability of ligamentum flavum to return to upright posture

50
Q

what is the strong of the vertebral ligaments?

A

ligamentum flavum

51
Q

interspinal ligament

A

attaches to adjacent spinous processe from tip to lamina

52
Q

what changes in the interspinal ligaments as you go down?

A

most robust at lumbar level and insignificant in the thoracic and cervical regions

53
Q

attachment of supraspinal ligament?

A

connects tips of spinous processe from CV7 to sacrum

54
Q

two layers of supraspinal ligament?

A

deep - span adjacent spinous processes

superficial - spans several vertebrae

55
Q

continuity of the supraspinal ligament?

A

continuous on deep surface with interspinal ligament

continuous above CV7 with nuchal ligament

56
Q

nuchal ligament

A

upward extension of the supraspinal ligament

extends from CV7 spinous processes to external occipital protuberance

57
Q

function of nuchal ligament?

A

intermuscular septum for posterior deep muscles of the neck

provides muscle attachment without limiting extension of the cervical column

58
Q

boundaries of the intervertebral foramen?

A

superior - inferior vertebral notch
inferior - superior vertebral notch
anterior - posterior portion of vertebra above and IV disc
posterior - facet joint between two opposing vertebrae

59
Q

contents of the IV foramen?

A 
dorsal/ventral roots
dorsal root ganglion
spinal nerve
spinal artery
intervertebral vein
60
Q

atlantooccipital joint?

A

synovial joint

between occipital condyles of skull and superior articular facets of CV1 (atlas)

61
Q

action of atlantooccipital joint?

A

allows flexion and extension of neck

62
Q

anterior atlantooccipital membrane?

A

between anterior margin of foramen magnum and anterior arch of atlas

63
Q

posterior atlantooccipital membrane?

A

between posterior margin of foramen magnum and posterior arch of atlas

**has openings in lateral margins for passage of vertebral artery and suboccipital nerve (dorsal rami of C1)

64
Q

suboccipital nerve?

A

dorsal rami of C1

65
Q

where do the atlantooccipital membranes fuse?

A

laterally with the joint capsule of the atlanto-occipital joints

66
Q

tectorial membrane?

A

covers dens and its associated ligaments

extends from anterior foramen magnum
-where it fuses with the dura

to body of CV2 - fuses with posterior longitudinal ligament

67
Q

atlantoaxial joint?

A

lateral atlantoaxial articulation

median atlantoaxial articulation

68
Q

lateral atlantoaxial articulation

A

gliding synovial joint between CV1 and CV2 articular processes

69
Q

median atlantoaxial articulation

A

pivot synovial joint between dens of axis and anterior arch of atlas

70
Q

what makes of the cruciform ligament?

A

transverse ligament of the atlas
superior crus
inferior crus

71
Q

transverse ligament of the atlas?

A

attaches to internal surface of anterior arch of atlas forming a socket between itself and the anterior arch (socket contains dens)

72
Q

superior crus?

A

passes from transverse ligament of atlas superiorly to attach to anterior edge of foramen magnum

73
Q

inferior crus?

A

passes from transverse ligament of atlas inferiorly to attach to posterior body of axis

74
Q

apical dental ligament?

A

weak ligament passes from apex of dens to the anterior edge of foramen magnum

**deep to superior crus

75
Q

alar ligaments

A

bilateral ligaments that arise from the dens lateral to the apical ligament and attach to the the occipital condyles

**tearing increases rotation 30%

76
Q

anterior atlantoaxial membrane?

A

anterior arch of atlas to anterior body of axis

-deep to the anterior longitudinal ligament

77
Q

posterior atlantoaxial membrane?

A

posterior arch of atlas to lamina of axis

-continuous with ligamentum flavum

78
Q

check ligaments?

A

limit rotation

79
Q

spondylolysis

A

defect (usually developmental - can be trauma) in pars interarticularis

80
Q

pars interarticularis?

A

neural arch between the superior and inferior articulating processes

81
Q

spondylolisthesis

A

bilateral defect in pars interarticularis that results in the vertebral column slides forward

82
Q

most common site of spondylolisthesis

A

LV5-SV1

83
Q

spinal artery

A

arise from vessels that parallel the vertebral column

  • vertebral artery
  • ascending cervical artery
  • posterior intercostal arteries
  • lumbar arteries
  • iliolumbar artery
  • lateral sacral arteries

**enter the IV foramina and branch

84
Q

branches of the spinal artery?

A

osseus - like branches above and below to form plexuses

neural branches - provide radicular branches that enter dural sac along spinal nerve

85
Q

osseus branches

A

branch of spinal artery
-within the vertebral canal (epidural space)

posterior to posterior longitudinal ligament and anterior to the ligamentum flavum

86
Q

neural branches

A

provide radicular branches that enter the dural sac

87
Q

segmental medullary arteries

A

neural branches that course along roots and connect with the anterior/posterior spinal arteries

**allow flow because can get blood to multiple levels

88
Q

radicular arteries

A

supply to roots only (don’t extend to the spinal arteries)

89
Q

what is important during abdominal surgeries?

A

when clamping aorta important to ensure blood flow to the vertebral column

90
Q

veins of vertebral column?

A

four venous plexuses
all four run entire length of spinal column
all four freely intercommunicate
NO valves

91
Q

anterior external venous plexus

A

anterior surface of vertebral bodies

92
Q

posterior external venous plexus

A

external surface of spinous, articular, and transverse processes

93
Q

anterior internal venous plexus

A

in epidural space adjacent to posterior longitudinal spinal ligament

94
Q

posterior internal venous plexus

A

in epidural space adjacent to lamina and ligamentum flavum

95
Q

basivertebral veins

A

dran bodies of vertebrae to the anterior internal venous plexus

96
Q

intervertebral veins

A

receive drainage from all four plexuses

-drain to vertebral, posterior intercostal, lumbar, and lateral sacral veins

97
Q

Batson’s Plexus

A

venous circulation of vertebral column

changes in intra-thoracic and intra-abdominal pressure along with lack of valves can lead to changes in flow

**allows for the metastatic spread of cancer and spread of infection to the vertebral column

MSS - MSK Exam 1 (11 decks)

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