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MSS - MSK Exam 1 > Musculoskeletal System Development > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal System Development Flashcards

1
Q

when does neuralation occur?

A

around day 19

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2
Q

what is the notochord?

A

signals surface ectoderm to differentate into the neural ectoderm (neural plate)

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3
Q

what happens at day 20?

A

the neural groove forms as lateral edges move

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4
Q

what happens at day 22-23

A

the neural groove fuses in cervical region

progresses cranial to caudal

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5
Q

what are the neuropores and when do they fuse?

A

ends of neural tube

day 25 - cranial closes
day 27 - caudal closes

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6
Q

what does the neural tube for?

A

brain and spinal cord

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7
Q

neural fold?

A

becomes the neural tube

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8
Q

neural crest?

A

pinched off as the neural tube forms

forms dorsal root ganglion

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9
Q

what gives rise to central nervous system?

A

neural tube cells

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10
Q

what gives rise to peripheral nervous system?

A

neural crest cells

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11
Q

the neural crest cells give rise to?

A
  • sensory ganglia of cranial and spinal nerves
  • autonomics (all peripheral S and PS ganglia, -sympathetic chain ganglia, prevertebral -sympathetic ganglia, PS ganglia)
  • schwann cells
  • meninges
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12
Q

what are the three layers of the neural tube?

A

ventricular, mantle, marginal zone

lumen > superficial**

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13
Q

ventricular zone

A

most inner layer

is the neuroepithelium

in adult - simple layer of ependymal cells

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14
Q

what gives rise to ependymal cells in adult

A

ventricular zone cells

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15
Q

what is the mantle zone?

A

composed of neuroblast cell bodies

-forms the basal and alar plate

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16
Q

alar plate?

A

forms the dorsal horn

**sensory

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17
Q

basal plate?

A

forms the ventral horn

**motor

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18
Q

what is the marginal layer?

A

outer layer

is the nerve processes

will become white layer when myelinated

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19
Q

motor cell body?

A

ventral motor root

basal plate**

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20
Q

sensory cell body?

A

dorsal motor root

alar plate**

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21
Q

how do spinal nerves develop?

A

cranial to caudal

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22
Q

gliablast?

A

form astrocytes and oligodendrocytes

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23
Q

spinal cord at 3 months?

A

extends the entire length

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24
Q

spinal cord at birth?

A

ends at LV4-LV5

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25
Q

spinal cord in adult?

A

ends at LV1-LV2

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26
Q

what guides process of nerve formation?

A

mainly mesoderm (somites)

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27
Q

when do dorsal and ventral rami form?

A

when somite splits into dorsal and ventral portions

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28
Q

myotome

A

skeletal muscle innervated by one spinal nerve

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29
Q

dermatome

A

area of skin innervated by one spinal nerve

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30
Q

each somite has what?

A

spinal nerve

will guide its formation

31 somites and spinal nerves

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31
Q

epimere

A

dorsal somite

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32
Q

hypomere

A

ventral somite

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33
Q

where does spina bifida most often occur?

A

lumbosacral region

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34
Q

what is spina bifida?

A

neural tube defect

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35
Q

spinal bifida occulta

A

15-20% of population
vertebral arches fail to fuse

does not typically involve meninges or nervous system

**often see a patch of hair

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36
Q

spina bifida cystics

A

spina bifida that involves meninges or neural tisue

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37
Q

meningocele

A

spina bifida that involves meninges

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38
Q

meningomyelocele

A

spina bifida involves meninges and spinal cord

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39
Q

meninges in spina bifida?

A

arachnoid and dura - therefore you have CSF in cavity

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40
Q

spina bifida with myeloschisis

A

most severe form

neural plate fails to elevate and fold

cord remains open and is represented as a flattened mass of nervous tissue

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41
Q

what tissue forms vertebral column?

A

somites

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42
Q

what do somites form?

A

dermatome
myotome
sclerotome

43
Q

what does intermediate mesoderm form?

A

uro-genital structures

44
Q

what are the three segments of mesoderm

A

paraxial, intermediate, lateral plate mesoderm

45
Q

what are the somites derived from?

A

paraxial mesoderm

46
Q

sclerotome

A

will give rise to axial skeleton

  • vertebral column
  • ribs
  • portions of skull
47
Q

what happens when sclerotomes shift?

A

during week 4

-shift to surround spinal cord and notochord

48
Q

what happens during resegmentation

A

the sclerotome splits

caudal and cranial portions fuse of adjacent sclerotomes to form vertebrae

49
Q

what is CV1 formed from?

A

caudal half of first cervical sclerotome and cranial half of second cervical sclerotome

50
Q

what forms the nucleus pulposus?

A

notochord

51
Q

what forms the annulus fibrosis?

A

mesenchymal cells between cranial and caudal portions of original sclerotome

52
Q

what is significant after resegmentation?

A

myotomes span two vertebral levels

- how deep back muscles have fine control over vetebrae

53
Q

spina bifida

A

neural tube defect

secondary is a defect of fusion of vertebral column

54
Q

congenital scoliosis

A

due to hemivertebrae

after resegmentation
-only right or left ossification occurs

55
Q

klippel feil syndrome

A

genetic syndrome causing the fusion of cervical vertebrae

**bc resegmentation doesn’t take place

56
Q

what happens if resegmentation does not occur

A

fusion of vertebrae

57
Q

costal process?

A

on all of the vertebrae

signaled to grow on thoracic - ribs

58
Q

what forms the sternum

A

not from the somite**

from lateral plate mesoderm
-form sternal bars that fuse

59
Q

pectus excavatum

A

anterior thoracic sunken in

60
Q

pectus carinatum

A

anterior thoracic protrudes

61
Q

what are congenital anomalies from incorrect sternum and rob formation?

A

pectus excavatum and pectus carinatum

**mostly cosmetic but can cause respiratory and cardiac problems

62
Q

where does all skeletal muscle develop from?

A

paraxial mesoderm > somite > myotome

**myotome divides to dorsal and ventral myotomes

63
Q

dorsal myotome?

A

epimere

innervated by dorsal rami

64
Q

ventral myotome?

A

hypomere

innervated by ventral rami

65
Q

what does epimere give rise to?

A

intrinsic muscles of back

66
Q

what does hypmoere give rise to?

A

anterior/lateral neck, trunk, limb muscles

67
Q

modification of myotome?

A

tangenital splitting
-abdominal obliques and intercostal

longitudinally splitting
-trap and sternocleidomastoid

68
Q

what forms the skeletal muscles cells?

A

myoblasts form from mesoderm cells

69
Q

formation of skeletal muscle cells?

A

mesoderm > myoblast > fuse together > myotubes > contractile filaments form > muscle fiber

70
Q

myotube

A

fused, multinucleate myoblasts**

71
Q

why is skeletal muscle multi-nucleate?

A

because myoblasts fuse

72
Q

what gives rise to epidermis of limb?

A

surface ectoderm

73
Q

where does the appendicular skeleton form from?

A

lateral plate mesoderm

74
Q

what does limb muscle develop from?

A

myotome of somite

75
Q

when does upper limb form?

A

day 26-27

76
Q

when does lower limb form?

A

day 27-28

77
Q

what is a limb bud?

A

evagination from ventrolateral body wall

78
Q

apical ectodermal ridge (AER)

A

at apex of limb bud (ectodermal thickening)

79
Q

function of AER?

A

induces continued proliferation of distal limb bud mesenchyme

**but not differentiation

80
Q

what cells differentiate during limb development?

A

proximal mesenchyme cells

81
Q

when do hand/foot plates form?

A

around week 5

-limb bud with flattened distal portion

82
Q

digital rays

A

4 zones of apoptosis in separate hand and foot plates result in 5 digital rays

83
Q

when do digital rays form?

A

upper limb - 6 week

lower limb - 7 week

84
Q

brachydactyly

A

short digits

85
Q

syndactyly

A

fusion of two or more digits

86
Q

polydactyly

A

extra fingers/toes

87
Q

ectrodactyly

A

absence of digit

88
Q

amelia

A

absence of limb due to suppression of limb bud formation during week 4

89
Q

meromelia

A

absence of part of limb
-arrest of limb bud development during 5-7 weeks

**due to thalidomide (for morning sickness)

90
Q

cleft hand or foot?

A

lobster claw deformity

absence of third metacarpal (tarsal) and 3rd digit

fusion of thumb and second digit, fusion of fourth and fifth digits

91
Q

axis of limbs?

A

proximal-distal - easy

anterior-posterior -

  • anterior - thumb
  • posterior - little finger

dorsal-ventral

  • dorsal - back of hand/foot
  • ventral - palm of hand/ plantar of foot
92
Q

what is the thumb?

A

anterior

93
Q

what is the plantar surface of foot?

A

ventral

94
Q

when does cartilage formation occur?

A

week 5

95
Q

when does primary ossification occur?

A

starts in week 7

-present in all long bones by 12th week

96
Q

when do secondary ossification occur?

A

mostly after birth

-important for growth

97
Q

how do joints form?

A

where mesenchyme is less dense

98
Q

interzone?

A

where the joint cavity will form

99
Q

what forms joint cavity?

A

cell death

100
Q

club foot

A

caused by fetal constraints

-oligohydroaminos

101
Q

what does lateral plate mesoderm form in limb

A

mostly connective tissue

102
Q

when does limb muscle development occur?

A

week 5

from myotome

  • after cartilage models form
  • hypomere portion

will go to extensor (dorsal) and flexor (ventral) compartments

103
Q

what forms the muscles of limb?

A

hypomere myotome

MSS - MSK Exam 1 (11 decks)

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