Spinal Anatomy Flashcards
What secondary vesicles are derived from the proencephalon?
Telencephalon
Diencephalon
What secondary vesicle is derived from the mesencephalon?
Mesencephalon (duh!)
What secondary vesicles are derived from the rhombencephalon?
Metencephalon
Myelencephalon
What is derived from the telencephalon?
Cortices
Basal ganglion
What is derived from the diencephalon?
Thalamus
What is derived from the mesencephalon?
Midbrain
What is derived from the Metencephalon?
Pons
Cerebellum
What is derived from the myelencephalon?
Medulla Oblongata
What develops from the foregut?
back of throat to 1st 1/3rd of duodenum
What develops from the midgut?
Last 2/3rd of duodenum to 1st 2/3rd of transverse colon
What develops from the hindgut?
Last 1/3rd of transverse colon to anus
What does the gubernaculum develop into in males & females?
Males: Scrotal lig. AKA gubernacular testis
Females: Suspensory lig. of ovary, ovarian lig. & round lig.
Only special sense to bypass the thalamus?
Sense of smell
What do pacinion receptors sense?
Vibration
What do Ruffini receptors sense?
Temperature
What do Meissners/merkel receptors sense?
Touch
What functions are the medulla & pons assoc. w/?
Vasomotor
Cardiac centers
Autonomics
CN 5-12
What functions are the midbrain assoc. w/?
Reflexes to light & sound
Prox. flexor relay
Motoric relay
CN 3 & 4
What functions is the thalamus assoc. w/?
Relay station
Sensory fibers
What function is the pulvinar region of the thalalmus assoc. w/?
Integration of sensory information
What is the ventral posteromedial (VPM) of the thalamus assoc. w/?
Sensory from face
What is the ventral posterolateral (VPL) of the thalamus assoc. w/?
Sensory from arms & legs
What is the lat. geniculate of the thalamus assoc w/?
Sensory from eyes
What is the med. geniculate of the thalamus assoc. w?
Sensory from ears
What is the parietal lobe of the cerebrum assoc. w/?
Localization “somesthetic cortex”
Brodman 1,2,3
Abstraction, problem solving
What is the occipital lobe of the cerebrum assoc. w/?
Sight
What is the temporal lobe of the cerebrum assoc. w/?
Sup lobe: Hearing
Middle lobe: Short term memory
Inf. lobe: Long term memory, smell
The foramen ovale becomes what and is located where?
Fossa ovalis; interatrial septum
The ductus arteriosus bypasses ____ & becomes ____?
Bypasses lung pulmonary trunk to arch of aorta; becomes ligamentum arteriosum
The ductus venosus bypasses ____ & becomes ____?
Bypasses the sinusoids of fetal liver; becomes ligamentum venosum
The umbilical vein becomes _____?
Ligatmentum teres (Round lig.)
The umbilical arteries become ____?
Medial umbilical ligaments
What is the Urachus?
Remnant of duct of allantois
Type of cells that gives rise to astrocytes & oligodendrocytes
Glioblast
Most numerous cell of CNS?
Astrocytes
Cells that form myelin in CNS?
Oligodendrocyte
Type of cell that lines CNS, ciliated, makes “leaky” barrier b/w CSF & CNS?
Ependymal
Microglia are AKA?
Gitterzellen
Type of cell that makes neurons?
Neuroblast
Commissural fibers connect what?
B/w 2 hemispheres
Association fibers connect what?
Different parts, same hemisphere
Projection fibers connect what?
Different parts, same hemisphere
The lateral ventricles are separated by what?
septum pellucidum
The foramen of Monroe (aka interventric foramen) connects what ventricles?
1&2 to 3rd ventricle
M/C location for a cerebral vascular accident?
Middle cerebral artery
Makes up 90% of cortex
Neocortex
Makes up 10% of cortex
Allocortex
This vesicle is mostly formed by the thalamus
Diencephalon
This produces CSF
Choroid Plexus
This reabsorbs CSF
Arachnoid granulations
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
31 pairs
What level does the spinal cord terminate?
L1 (L1/L2)
What is the resting membrane potential in muscle? neuron?
85-90mV; 65-70mV
Type of inhibitory neurotransmitter of spine? Brain?
Spine = Glycine; Brain = GABA
This allows for CSF exchange b/w the 3rd & 4th ventricles
Cerebral aqueduct of Sylvius
What are the gray matter neuron cell types?
Purkinje (M/C) Golgi II Stellate Basket Granular
What are the cerebellar nuclei, from med. to lat., small to large?
Fastigial (Flowers)
Globus (Grow)
Emboliform (Every)
Dentate (Day)
This is located at the junction of the parietal, occipital, & temporal lobe. Involved w/ interpretation/sensory matching.
Wernicke’s area
The striatum is composed of what?
Putamen & caudate
The lentiform is composed of what?
Globus pallidus and putamen
This is involved w/ hunger, thirst, temp. regulation, sex, rage, fear?
Hypothalamus
This is involved w/ balance, equilibrium, involuntary coordination, unconscious proprioception?
Cerebellum
Brain waves assoc. w/ quiet, meditation. Disappear in sleep.
Alpha waves
Brain waves assoc. w/ intense mental activity, REM sleep.
Beta waves
Brain waves assoc. w/ deep sleep or coma?
Delta waves
Brain waves that are normal in children, abnormal in adults (stress, suicidal)
Theta waves
What is the function of the corticospinal tract?
Precise & skilled voluntary movement
What is the function of the reticulospinal tract?
inhibit or facilitate voluntary movement
What is the function of the tectospinal tract?
Reflex postural movement to visual stimuli
What is the function of the rubrospinal tract?
facilitates flexors & inhibits extensors
What is the function of the vestibulospinal tract?
Facilitates extensors & inhibits flexors
What is the alar plates (dorsal) assoc. w/, motor or sensory?
Sensory
What are basal plates (ventral) assoc. w/, motor or sensory?
Motor
What is the function of the lat. spinothalamic tract?
Pain & temp.
What are the functions of the ant. spinothalamic tract?
“Protopathic” is defensive to pain, temp
Crude light touch
What functions are the dorsal columns assoc. w/?
2-point discrimination, vibration, & conscious proprioception
What is the function of the Pos. spinocerebellar tract?
Unconscious proprioception
What is the function of the ant. spinocerebellar tract?
Unconscious proprioception
What function is the spinotectal tract (spino-quadrigeminal system of Mott) assoc. w/?
Spino visual reflexes
What is the function of the spinoreticular tract?
Levels of consciousness
The Great Cerebral vein of Galen drains into what sinus?
Straight sinus
The Superior Cerebral vein drains into what sinus?
Superior sagittal sinus
Damage to middle meningeal artery causes what type of hemorrhage?
Epidural hemorrhage
Damage to the venous system of the brain causes what type of hemorrhage?
Subdural hemorrhage
A beri aneurysm (circle of Willis) causes what type of hemorrhage?
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
The Lateral Cord of the brachial plexus makes what branches?
Musculocutaneous
Median
The Posterior Cord of the brachial plexus makes what branches?
Axillary
Radial
The Medial Cord of the brachial plexus makes what branches?
Median
Ulnar
What is the smallest cranial nerve?
Trochlear
What is the largest cranial nerve?
Trigeminal
Which cranial nerves have parasympathetic fibers?
III, VII, IX, X (90% of body)
What foramen does the middle meningeal artery pass through?
Foramen spinosum
What foramen does the internal carotid artery pass through?
Foramen lacerum
Injury to the pterion can cause damage to what artery?
Middle meningeal artery
Info to the cortex travels via which peduncle?
Superior Cerebellar Peduncle
Info back to the cerebellum from the cortex travels via which peduncle?
Middle Cerebellar Peduncle
Info from the spinal cord/body travels to the cerebellum via which peduncle?
Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle
The midbrain connects to which peduncle?
Superior Cerebellar Peduncle
The pons connect to which peduncle?
Middle Cerebellar Peduncle
The medulla connects to which peduncle?
Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle
The posterior portion of the midbrain that contains the sup. & inf. colliculi is what?
Tectum
The ant. & pos. chambers of the eye are filled w/ what?
Aqueous humor
The post. cavity (lens to retina) of the eye is filled w/ what?
Vitreous humor
What makes aqueous humor in the eye?
Ciliary epithelium in ciliary bodies
M/C cause of blindness in the elderly?
Macular degeneration
This helps maintain static equilibrium in the ear
Utricle
This is the functional part of the utricle. Assoc. w/ linear acceleration (car or elevator)
Macula/Saccula
This is assoc. w/ detecting angular acceleration (roller coaster) in the ear
Semicircular canals
This is the dilation of the semicircular canals in the ear. Contains crystals.
Crista ampularis
What produces muscosa required to smell?
Bowman’s gland
This type of joint is immovable
Synarthrosis
3 types of synarthrosis joints
Syndesmosis
Synostosis
Gomphosis
Interosseous membrane (tib/fib & radio-ulnar) is what type joint?
Syndesmosis
Sutures of skull are what type of joint?
Synostosis
Teeth are what type of joint?
Gomphosis
What is a slightly moveable joint?
Amphiarthrosis (Cartilaginous)
Epiphyseal plates, hyaline cartilage is what type of joint?
Synchondrosis
The IVD, pubic symphysis, & fibrocartilage are what types of joints?
Symphysis joints
2 types of amphiarthrosis joints
Synchondrosis
Symphysis
This is a freely movable joint
Diathrosis (synovial)
The cubital/humer-ulnar joint, mortis joint are what type of joint?
Hinge/Ginglymus
The atlas/axis, prox. radio-ulnar joint are what type of joint?
Pivot/Trochoid
Radiocarpal, MCP, TMJ, knee (modified) are examples of what type of joint?
Ovoid/Condlymus
The thumb & sternoclavicular joint are examples of what type of joint?
Saddle/sellar
Facets, AC joint, inter-carpal & -tarsal joints are examples of what type of joint?
Gliding
The coxafemoral joint & glenohumeral joint are examples of what type of joint?
Ball & socket/spheroidal
The perpendicular articulation of the ethmoid & vomer is what type of joint?
Schindylesis
Pathological fusion is known as?
Ankylosis
Surgical fusion is known as?
Arthrodesis
Congenital fusion is known as?
Coalition
Normal fusion in growth is known as?
Synchondrosis
This covers a nerve fiber
Endoneurium
This covers a nerve fascicle
Perineurium
This covers a peripheral nerve
Epineurium
How many primary ossification centers are there in the typical vertebrae?
3 primary (1 in body, 1 in each arch)
How many secondary ossification centers are in a typical vertebrae?
5 (1 in tip of SP, 2 in TVPs, 2 in annular ring epiphyses)
Lumbars have 2 extra for mamillary processes
Where the manubrium & sternum meet is known as what?
Angle of Louis
What part of the sacrum is analogous to the spinous process?
Median crest
The hyoid bone is at what spinal level?
C-3
The cornu of the thyroid is at what spinal level?
C-4
The body of the thyroid is at what spinal level?
C-5
The cricoid cartilage is at what spinal level?
C-6
The carotid tubercle is at what spinal level?
C-6
How many atypical vertebra are in adults?
9
What is the lowest spinal level the vertebral artery is found?
C-6
The joints of (von) Luska are found b/w what spinal levels?
C2-C6
Which artery traverse through the suboccipital triangle?
Vertebral artery
Which nerve traverses through the suboccipital triangle?
Suboccipital
Name the sup., lat. border of the suboccipital triangle
Sup. oblique capitus
Name the med. border of the suboccipital triangle
Rectus Capitis Posticus Major
Name the inf., lat. border of the suboccipital triangle
Inf. oblique capitus
What part of the cerebellum is assoc. w/ ant., general muscle tone?
Paleocerebellar
What part of the cerebellum is assoc. w/ coordination of skilled movements?
Neocerebellar
What part of the cerebellum is assoc. w/ equilibrium?
Archicerebellar (Flocculonodular)
What branches come from the lateral cord of the brachial plexus?
Musculocutaneous
Median (1/2)
What branches come from the posterior cord of the brachial plexus?
Axillary
Radial
What branches come from the medial cord of the brachial plexus?
Median (1/2)
Ulnar
What artery supplies blood to the anterior 2/3rd of the spinal cord?
Ant. spinal artery
What artery supplies blood to the pos. 1/3rd of the spinal cord?
Pos. spinal artery
