Chemistry Flashcards
What type of bonds are in maltose?
alpha 1-4
What type of bonds are in lactose?
beta 1-4
What type of bonds are in sucrose?
alpha-beta 1-2
What type of bonds are in cellulose?
beta 1-4
What type of bonds are in amylose?
alpha 1-4
What type of bonds are in amylopectin?
alpha 1-4, alpha 1-6
What type of bonds are in glycogen?
alpha 1-4 & alpha 1-6
Which has longer branches, amylopectin or glycogen?
Amylopectin
Which is more branched, amylopectin or glycogen?
Glycogen
Type of bond b/w glycerol & fatty acids?
Ester bond
Types of essential fatty acids?
Arachidonic 20:4
Linolenic (Omega-3) 18:3
Linoleic (Omega-6) 18:2
EPA 20:5
What molecules are precursors for cholesterol synthesis?
Mevalonate
Acetyl CoA
Squalene
HMG CoA
Where are chylomicrons synthesized?
Intestinal mucosa
Which lipoproteins have the highest % of triglycerides?
Chylomicrons
Which lipoproteins have the lowest % of protein?
VLDLs
Which lipoproteins have the highest % of cholesterol?
LDL
Where does beta oxidation of fatty acids occur?
Mitochondria
What transports fatty acids into mitochondria for beta oxidation?
carnitine
What are examples of ketone bodies?
Acetoacetate
Acetone
Hydroxybutyrate
What is the primary substrate for lipogenesis?
Acetyl CoA
Where does lipogenesis occur?
Cytoplasm
What is the “most important” intermediate of lipogenesis?
Malonyl CoA
Which AA’s have an aromatic ring?
Phenylalanine
Tryptophan
Tyrosine
Which AA’s are basic?
Histidine
Arginine
Lysine
“HAL”
Which AA’s are neutral?
Serine Threonine Asparagine Glutamine "STAG"
Which AA’s contain sulfur?
Methionine
Cysteine
Which AA’s are not glucogenic?
Leucine
Lysine
Which AA’s are branched?
Leucine
Isoleucine
Valine
Which AA’s are acidic?
Glutamate
Aspartate
Which AA is a precursor to serotonin?
Tryptophan
Which AA is a precursor to GABA?
Glutamate
Which AA is a precursor to Histamine?
Histidine
Which AA is a precursor to Creatine?
Glycine/arginine
Which AA is a precursor to NAD?
Tryptophan
Which AA’s are lacking in grains?
Lysine
Threonin
Tryptophan
Which AA carries ammonia to the urea cycle?
Glutamate
Which 3 AA’s donate nitrogen for purines & pyrimidines?
Glutamine
Aspartate
Asparagine
Which 6 AA’s is muscle able to oxidize?
Glutamate Aspartate Leucine Valine Isoleucine Asparagine GAL VIA
Which AA takes ammonia & lactate from muscles during exercise to the liver?
Alanine
What bond combines AA’s to make proteins?
Peptide
What vitamin makes TPP?
Thiamine (B1)
What vitamin makes FAD, FADH?
Riboflavin (B2)
What vitamin makes NAD, NADH?
Niacin (B3)
What vitamin makes CoA?
Pantothenic Acid (B5)
What vitamin makes pyridoxal phosphate?
Pyridoxine (B6)
Which B vitamin is Folic Acid?
B9
Which B vitamin is cyanocobalamin?
B12
What macromineral is a component of bones, co-factor for kinase, needed for glucose breakdown?
Magnesium
What micromineral is a constituent of vit B12?
Cobalt
Which micromineral is a part of Cytochrome A oxidase (ETC)?
Copper
Which micromineral is a cofactor for decarboxylase?
Manganese
Which micromineral is a cofactor for glutathione peroxidase?
Selenium
Which micromineral is a cofactor for carbonic anhydrase?
Zinc
Where does DNA replication occur?
Nucleus
Where does transcription occur?
Nucleolus
Where does the Kreb’s cycle occur?
Mitochondria
What are the products for only ONE turn of the Kreb’s cycle?
2 CO2
3 NADH
1 FADH2
1 GTP/ATP
What is the electron acceptor in the ETC?
Oxygen (forms water)
What is the total ATP production from oxidative phosphorylation?
36 (or 38)
Kreb’s = 30 ATP
Glycerol-3-phosphate shunt = 4 ATP
Glycolysis = 2 ATP
Where does glycolysis occur?
Cytosol
Where does gluconeogenesis occur?
Cytoplasm & mitochondria of liver
Where does glycogenesis occur?
Cytoplasm of liver & muscle
Where does glycogenolysis occur?
Cytoplasm of liver & muscle
Where does lipogenesis, lipolysis, & cholesterol synthesis occur?
Liver
Where does the pentose phosphate pathway occur?
Cytosol
This is when the charge of an AA or protein is zero
Isoelectric point
Legumes are missing what AA?
Methionine
Sugars that differ in configuration at a single asymmetric center
Epimers
Molecules that are mirror images
Enantiomers
Atoms bonded in the same order but differ in precise orientation
Stereoisomers
An enzyme + cofactor is called what?
Holoenzyme
An enzyme w/o a cofactor is called what?
Apoenzyme
These regulate the rate of enzyme synthesis
Steroids
This is a protein that becomes an active enzyme when parts are removed
Zymogen
An area on the enzyme where a compound may bind & change the rate of activity
Allosteric site
What AA is the precursor to epinephrine?
Tyrosine
What is a peptide hormone that is secreted by the beta cells of the pancreas (tail)?
Insulin
What is a peptide hormone that is secreted by the alpha cells of the pancreas, but has the opposite effect of insulin?
Glucagon
