Speech perception

Question 1

language organization helps us to deal with

Answer 1

variability in the speech signal and in listening conditions

Question 2

we can put language into a

Answer 2

Hierarchy of linguistic structure < check onenote

Question 3

models of speech perception =

Answer 3

serial, parallel, interactive

Question 4

all models have the following hard problems >

Answer 4

variability between speakers, variability due to context (co-articulation) and we can solve this via categorical perception
2) another hard problem is no consistent boundary between words ( not clear where a word starts or ends) and we can solve this via segmentation

Question 5

categorical perception differs in

Answer 5

voice onset times

Question 6

categorical perception =

Answer 6

we perceive them as one category only

Question 7

segmentation

Answer 7

a way to extract where words end and where they start

Question 8

hierarchical approach to segmentation

Answer 8

check notes

Question 9

optimal way of segmentation = tier 1 > lexical

Answer 9

sentential context (pragmatics, syntax and semantics) lead to lexical knowledge < we use this lexical knowledge to segment words

Question 10

if we have poor lexical information, we rely on

Answer 10

phonotactics (acoustic-phonetics, allophony, coarticulation)

Question 11

if we have poor segmental information, we rely on

Answer 11

word stress

Question 12

2 context effects in speech perception =

Answer 12

phonemic restoration effect (warren and warren, 1970) > listeners use context to predict the incoming speech signal which can repair phonemes replaced by a meaningless sound , listeners rapidly engage in appropriate phonemic processing in auditory coryexy < consistent with interactionist account
2) ganong effect > an ambiguous phoneme perceived as one completing a word rather than non word

Question 13

alex fastened the button

Answer 13

constraining context

Question 14

alex chose the button

Answer 14

neutral context

Question 15

TRACE model > mclelland and elman 1986

Answer 15

processing units or nodes at 3 levels, connections between levels always facilitatory , connections at same level always inhibitory , competitive process = words with greatest activation “wins”

Question 16

Cohort model - marslen-wilson and tyler = not interactive

Answer 16

early in speech processing, all words consistent with sound sequence are active , word-initial cohort < after that words are eliminated from cohort if they cease to match subsequent input

Question 17

uniqueness point of cohort model =

Answer 17

crucial point at which only one word matches the speech input , context influences selection stage during which word is selected from cohort

Question 18

cohort model became more flexible -

Answer 18

words not matching speech input not necessarily eliminated immediately , context can influence speech perception at several stages