Lecture 3- face recognition/perception

Question 1

briefly describe the challenge for the system we use to recognise faces?

Answer 1

face recognition has to deal with all these challenges that are over and above the identity, different images of same faces that can look different < our recognition system has to cope with these different elements

Question 2

what do we use as the basis for our representations?

Answer 2

we try to extract some inner variant about each individuals face and use this as our basis.

Question 3

identify 5 processing stages in a possible model of face recognition…

Answer 3

1) image of face, description of face, stored descriptions of faces ( face recognition units, matching of faces) , person identities (other routes to identy, voice/name ect), Names

Question 4

briefly describe the basic idea of face recognition?

Answer 4

you need to create some sort of internal description about the face and match it with what you have stored in your memory, some stored descriptions of the visual properties of faces you know and you access some knowledge you have about a person > eg their name.

Question 5

identify 3 key pieces of evidence for the different stages?

Answer 5

diary study ( qualitive feel to it) , patterns of breakdpwn after brain injury (neuropsychological evidence), laboratory experiments.

Question 6

true or false, patients suffering brain-damage are unable to do certain tasks?

Answer 6

true

Question 7

what is aperceptive prosopagnosia?

Answer 7

defective perceptions of faces < issue with description of face stage of model < unable to form coherent descriptions of faces < unable to access their intact knowledge of about what familiar faces look like

Question 8

what is associative prosopagnosia?

Answer 8

impaired face memory (issue with stored descriptions of faces model) < faces look okay but patients because their stored knowledge is disrupted, the faces just don’t appear to be familiar to them.

Question 9

semantic impairments?

Answer 9

damage to person identities stage of model.

Question 10

anomia?

Answer 10

patients have a problem retrieving names

Question 11

identify two pieces of experimental evidence for stages?

Answer 11

decision speeds, repetition priming.

Question 12

It is faster to recognise a face if you have been primed to it before hand, true or false?

Answer 12

true

Question 13

what is within domain repetition priming >

Answer 13

faces will prime faces

Question 14

brennan, baugley, bright and bruce (1990) induced what state, briefly explain?

Answer 14

the tip of the tongue (TOT) state, they asked subs to name people from semantic descriptions, subs given various cues and they recorded the percentage they resolved

Question 15

what is the TOT state?

Answer 15

when you know that thing/that person but you are just unable to access that information

Question 16

identify ways of resolving TOT states?

Answer 16

1) someones initals will help resolve TOT states, showing a face wont help as their is no direct link between FACE RECOGNITION UNIT and NAMES in model.

Question 17

what percent of people resolved TOT state using initals compared to faces

Answer 17

initals - 47% , faces- 15%

Question 18

face/person recognition involves……

Answer 18

perceptual and memory processes, which are at least partially, seperable.

Question 19

identify key types of socially important meanings from faces?

Answer 19

identity, age, gender, mood, speech, gaze, attention, attractiveness, dominance, trustworthiness

Question 20

according to Bruce and young 1986, identify the sequence of stages involved in naming of familiar faces?

Answer 20

structural encoding, face recognition units, person identity nodes, name generation.

Question 21

expression tasks are …..

Answer 21

unaffected by familiarity

Question 22

identify a common double dissociation found In neurological patients suffering from prosopagnosia?

Answer 22

prosopagnosics can often do expressions ( can recognize expression judgements) , opposite pattern also found ( people unable to make expressions judegments) but can tell you the identity of the person.

Question 23

identity is often associated with what region of the brain?

Answer 23

FUSIFORM FACE AREA, FUSIFORM GYRUS

Question 24

expression tasks are often associated with what brain region?

Answer 24

the superior temporal sulcus ( not typically the fusiform face area)

Question 25

different cells in primate temporal lobe are different for?

Answer 25

identity and expressions

Question 26

functional separation of processes involved in extracting identity, expression, gaze and facial speech information from faces, true or false?

Answer 26

true

Question 27

what is acquired prosopagnosia?

Answer 27

face blindness that occurs following some brain injury.

Question 28

face-specific defecits =

Answer 28

prosopagnosia

Question 29

different representations are involved in face and object recognition.... explain?

Answer 29

``` objects = parts based, faces= configural/holistic objects = edges , faces = surface properties ```

Question 30

according to YIN, 1969, face recognition dissproporitionately impaired by?

Answer 30

inversion

Question 31

face recognition may involve?

Answer 31

configuration of features aswell as features themselves.

Question 32

it is significantly slower to name composite than non-composite stimuli.....TRUE OR FALSE

Answer 32

TRUE

Question 33

with reference to composite effects, what interfered with the identification of constituent parts?

Answer 33

perception of a novel face configuration

Question 34

trying to recognise a composite face forms what?

Answer 34

a new configuration of features < makes it difficult to extract the identity of either the top or bottom half.

Question 35

evidence suggests that upright, normal faces are represented...

Answer 35

configurally

Question 36

what impairs configural processing?

Answer 36

when faces are inverted

Question 37

configural processing is not as important when?

Answer 37

in object recognition

Question 38

Biedermans geons specificed by edges can be obtained from where?

Answer 38

primal sketch

Question 39

what plays no role in defining geons?

Answer 39

surface characteristics

Question 40

in what way do faces preserve surface characteristics?

Answer 40

pigmentation, shading

Question 41

identify a way of disrupting peoples ability to identify the faces?

Answer 41

simply negating faces and inverting ( similar effects)

Question 42

presenting a face in which form is really disruptive?

Answer 42

in photographic negative

Question 43

identify the 2 sources of information adversely affected by negation?

Answer 43

pigmentation > skin and hair colour and variations in these | 2) pattern of shading and shadows which may help specify 3D structures of the face

Question 44

line drawings are difficult to recognize unless ...

Answer 44

information about pigmentation and/or shading is preserved

Question 45

representations mediating face recognition preserve...

Answer 45

surface information

Question 46

surfaces (pigmentation and shading ) is more important for?

Answer 46

faces than objects

Question 47

faces are....

Answer 47

more than the sum of their parts, whereas, object recognition is part based.

Question 48

what is the expertise hypothesis?

Answer 48

face recognition is special only because it involves a task of within-category recognition at which we are all experts.

Question 49

diamond and carey, 1986, hypothesised that inversion can...

Answer 49

affect recognition of dogs by dog show judges

Question 50

changing the location of face features of the features on greebles does what?

Answer 50

makes them harder to recognise

Question 51

'experts with greebles' are more susceptible to?

Answer 51

effects of inversion and negation than novices ( gauther et all 1998) CHECK PRINTED NOTES NOW

Question 52

many prosopagnosias are disrupted at?

Answer 52

other within-category discriminations but not all, others can do some within-category discriminations.

Question 53

prosopagnosia may not just be a face-specific disorder < explain?

Answer 53

it affects ability to make within-category discriminations.

Question 54

faces are special?

Answer 54

true

Question 55

devlin 1976 reported?

Answer 55

no conviction should be based on eyewitness ID alone, if conviction rests substantially on ID, jury should be cautioned to risk of error.

Question 56

what is the innocence project?

Answer 56

individuals who were wrongfully convicted and DNA evidence exonerated them

Question 57

what if DNA is contaminated or not available?

Answer 57

eye witness testimony carries a great deal of weight with jurors, particiualry where witness is confident.

Question 58

give a reason as to why people are so confident with eyewitness testimonys>

Answer 58

impressive picture memory

Question 59

eyewitness memory for unfamiliar faces is said to be

Answer 59

poor

Question 60

processes/representations involved in familiar/unfamiliar face recognition....

Answer 60

are different

Question 61

what are estimator variables and identify some?

Answer 61

these affect accuracy of identifications but can NOT be controlled by the justice system, tend to revolve around other factors such as....individual differences, other race effect, in group biases, delay, confidence, stress, duration of encounter, quality of witness description.

Question 62

estimator variables contrast with

Answer 62

system variables

Question 63

identify and explain system variables

Answer 63

justice system can control and these are often the influence of the retrieval stage of information : linup composition, prior exposure to mugshots, target absent warnings, sequential vs simultaneous lineups, moving vs static lineups, double blind procedure

Question 64

difficulty with matching faces from CCTV/PHOTOS/VIDEOS ect...

Answer 64

difficulties matching other race faces, check notes

Question 65

how is a composite created?

Answer 65

from memory of an unfamiliar face. it is produced following a traumatic experience and will contain inaccuracies.

Question 66

what are photofit facial composites...

Answer 66

using witness accounts to create a photofit for most like criminal

Question 67

why are photofit so bad?

Answer 67

featural facial composities, produces poor likeliness of targets, constructing photofit from memory is difficult and produces poor results.

Question 68

the evofit system?

Answer 68

evolving a likeliness via various combination rounds of faces < current system used by many police forces, check notes.

Question 69

identify ways of improving photofit/composite/id methods

Answer 69

use holistic systems and exploit resemblance (evofit ect), better ways to tap memory (cognitive interview, holistic interview or both), morph composites from separate witnesses. blur external features, split composites to disrupt configural processing.

Question 70

why are composites so poor?

Answer 70

verbal mediation, feature-based construction, created from memory so inaccuracies, differential focus on external and internal features of unfamiliar witness and familiar composite "recogniser"

Question 71

explain 'blurring features'

Answer 71

witnesses are unfamiliar with face they are trying to recall, external features are important in unfamiliar face recognition, those trying to name composites will be familiar with the faces and internal features relatively more important for familiar faces

Question 72

what is split composites?

Answer 72

producing a composite from memory so it will contain inaccuracies. CHECK PRINTED NOTES