lecture 4 - focused/selective attention

Question 1

auditory attention? GOOGLE AND NOTE ABOUT THESE THEORIES IN FLASHCARD IN DETAIL FOR EXAM

Answer 1

Bottleneck theories
> involves placing a filter, google these
> Broadbents filter theory
> Treismans attenuation theory
> deutsch and deutsch's theory

Question 2

how are we able to select out one voice from several speaking at the same time?

Answer 2

selecting using distinctive features of the target voice: temporal coherence (shamma et al 2011)
> increased use of top down processes associated with attention and control
> cocktail party phenomenon

Question 3

what is the McDermott 2009 practice effect?

Answer 3

previous experience with a voice increases selective listening

Question 4

Eriksen and st james 1986?

Answer 4

zoom lens model of visual attention, increase or decrease the area of focal attention.

Question 5

awh and pashler 2000?

Answer 5

multiple spotlight model of visual attention = attention split over two or more regions of visual space.

Question 6

what is attended?

Answer 6

spotlight models: space-based attention

> attention is directed to localizations in a spatial representation of the visual field.

Question 7

object based attention?

Answer 7

attention oriented to an object or perceptual group.

Question 8

feature-based attention?

Answer 8

colour

Question 9

identify ways of how we orient our attention to something or some place?

Answer 9

1) EXOGENOUS (REFLEXIVE) = engaged by peripheral cues (abrupt onsets), fast (100ms), occurs even with uninformative cues.
2) ENDOGENOUS (voluntary) = engaged by central cues (eg: pointing/gazing/following), slower (300ms)
3) COVERT attention = orienting of attention without eye movement.

Question 10

identify a way of how we find stuff?

Answer 10

visual search tasks

Question 11

describe the FEATURE INTEGRATION THEORY (1980) (FIT) by treisman and gelade?

Answer 11

> basic visual features (eg: colour and size) are processed rapidly and pre-attentively in parallel (together)
slower serial processing with fouced attention providing the “glue” to form objects from features.
theory wrongly focuses on item-by-item search, natural scenes do not consist of items, MUCH MORE PARALLELL THAN ASSUMED BY THE THEORY.

Question 12

evidence for FIT theory?

Answer 12

1) feature targets pop out, flat display size function
2) conjunction targets demand serial search
3) BUT, Duncan and Humphries (1998) = different types distracters increase conjunction search.

Question 13

describe the dual-path model of visual search (wolfe et al 2011)

Answer 13

designed to account for the fact that in real life situations our attention and visual search is guided by our pre-existing knowledge
> a selective pathway of limited capacity in which objects are individually selected for recognition.
> a non-selective pathway in which the ‘gist’ or essence of a scene is processed
> non-selective pathway directs or guides processing in the selective pathway
>EXPLAINS VISUAL SEARCH IN REAL LIFE