Long term memory Flashcards
long term memory is not
unitary
Tulving distinguishes between 3 distinct types of memory?
Non-paramilitary policing can substantially reduce hooliganism
non-violent collective psychology informed urban policing in lisbon versus traditional riot style policing in areas like the ALGARVE
the use of consensual and low impact policing actually marginalized violent fans from the body of non-violent supporters.
the study highlights how theory can inform practice, public order policy and in this case, policing
Elaborated social identity model of crowd behaviour (ESIM)
ESIM rests on the premise that collective social behaviour during crowd events is fundamentally normative
Where do the norms come from?
Shared and salient social identities
Social identites are embedded within intergroup relations which are fraught with issues regarding legitimacy and power
Where this model differs fundamentally is that it is able to account for changing social dynamics as a result of social context
the behaviour of crowds is characterised as meaningful and identity driven and a reflection of intergroup dynamics.
if crowds are to be managed effectively we should throw out the le bon textbook, rip up groupthink ideas and start again.
episodic, semantic, procedural
cohen and squire 1980:
declarative (semantic and episodic) = knowing that , procedural = knowing how
depth of processing operates at =
encoding
craik and lockhart 1972, levels of processing theory?
assumes that the attentional and perceptual processes operating at the time of learning determine what information is stored in LTM.
> DEEPER LEVELS OF ANALYSIS PRODUCE MORE ELABORATE, LONGER LASTING AND STRONGER MEMORY TRACES THAN DO SHALLOW LEVEL OF ANALYSIS.
both encoding and retrieval are
important
memory is dependent on
ON AN INTERPLAY BETWEEN THE PROCESSING THAT OCCURS AT ENCODING AND RETRIEVAL
encoding specificity theory: Tulving and Thompson 1973
assumes that the most effect retrieval pathways are those that re-instate processing that occured when the to-be-remembered information was originally encoded.
> the degree of ‘overlap’ in the conditions at encoding and retrieval is critical for memory.
Fisher and craik 1976, explain context effects?
subjects studied a series of word-pairs
> dog or hat ect
Two ‘ associative retrieval tasks’
Eg: recall a studied word associated with dog….
deeper encoding =
BETTER RESULTS DURING RETRIEVAL
internal context effects
TEASDALE AND FOGARTY 1979
true or false, NOTHING IS ENCODED OR RETRIEVED IN ISOLATION, INFORMATION IS ALWAYS ENCODED WITHIN A ‘CONTEXT’
true
