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IHO > Specific acquired immunity > Flashcards

Specific acquired immunity Flashcards

1
Q

what is one way to increase the function of phagocytes?

A

Through Lymphocytes

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2
Q

How many surface antigen receptors may lymphocytes have?

A

100’s to 1000’s but they are all identical on each cell

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3
Q

What is the capacity of antigen receptors?

A

1 hundred billion (10’14)

- lymphocyte diversity PREEXISTs before antigen exposure

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4
Q

What is the epitope?

A

10-20 amino acids found on the antigenic molecule that fits the lymphocytes receptor

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5
Q

What is a naive lymphocyte?

A

It is a fully differentiated cell like a T-cell which needs to bind to an antigen before become “mature”
- takes 6-12 hrs to double the number of cells with the same antigen, after exposure

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6
Q

What is immunological memory and its significance?

A

after first expansion of clones we form memory cells.

- idea is that the next time we encounter the same antigen we can overwhelm it before it becomes established

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7
Q

Do we have more memory B cells after exposure to an antigen?

A

NO

  • they are just easier to activate
  • no Co-stimulatory signal
  • only Ag on MHC I/II
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8
Q

how long does it take for full activation of B and T lymphocytes?

A

7-10 days

1-5 days for development of memory cells

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9
Q

What are the two kinds of adaptive immunity?

A

Humoral

Cell- mediated

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10
Q

What is humoral immunity?

A

The releasing of antibdies into fluids

  • fluids like blood, secretion and tissue fluids
  • B cell mediated
  • Idea is to protect the extracellular space
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11
Q

What is Cell-mediated immunity?

A

T cells themselves survey the surfaces of the bodys cell

  • looking for ones that have parasites within them or that are dangerously change or mutated
  • need to be inside tissues to have effect
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12
Q

Where do B cells go?

A

To tissues to fight infection

- memory cells to BM to release IgG

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13
Q

What is class I MHC?

A

Ag synthesized within the cell

  • recognized by CD8+ T cells
  • kills any cell displaying foreign Ag
  • Expressed by all cells except RBC’s
  • this lack could be reason for persistence of malarial parasite (Plasmodium)
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14
Q

What is Class II MHC?

A

Ag are products of phagocytosis

  • recognized by CD4+ T-Cells
  • On monocytes/ macs, DC, B cells, Epithelial cells of thymus
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15
Q

What is the purpose of the thymus?

A

To train the T cells not to react to “self”

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16
Q

What is HLA?

A

Human Leukocyte Antigens

  • Different genes from parents will display certain Ags better/worse depending on inheritance
  • can one more susceptible to inflammation
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17
Q

Where are mature B and T cells found?

A

Can be found in the blood or resident in LN’s and spleen

18
Q

What is B and T cell trafficking?

A

Mature B and T cells traveling from one LN to another or to and from spleen.

19
Q

What are lymphokines and their significance?

A

Re-stimulation by APC’s cause the release of these cytokines of the lymphocytes

20
Q

What the kinds of T cell receptors?

A

yS
aB- most common- 90-95%
- they are both made by different proteins

21
Q

What do aB TCR’s bind to?

A

MHC I and MHC II molecules only

  • coupled with CD3
  • CD4 + and CD8 + T-cells
22
Q

what do yS bind to?

A

They can bind to cells without the use of MHC

  • coupled with CD3
  • protect the mucosal surfaces of body
  • double negative T cells (lacking both CD4 and CD8)
23
Q

What are the 2 types of T cells?

A

Helpers and Killers

24
Q

What are the subtypes of Helper T-cells?

A 
TH1
Th17
Th2
Tfh
Treg 
- Molecular marker CD4
25
Q

What is the function of TH1?

A

recognized Ag and make lymphokine that attracts 1000’s of Macs

  • Can wipe our serious infection
  • destroy transplants
26
Q

What is the function of Th17?

A

Similar to Th1 it is focused in inflammation

  • more powerful than Th1
  • In placed in many serious forms of AI diseases
  • protect mucosal barriers
27
Q

What is the function of Th2?

A

Stimulates macs

  • able to wall off pathogens and promote normal healing
  • after pathogen killing
  • important in Parasite immunity
28
Q

What is the function of Tfh?

A

stimulated by Ag and migrate to T cell areas of LN’s in the B cell follicles

  • help B cells get activated
  • make M,G,E, and A antibody classes
29
Q

What is the function of Treg?

A

Keep immune system in check by suppresing activation of Th1/Th17/Th2

30
Q

What is the function of Cytotoxic T cells?

A

Destroy any body cell they identify as bearing foreign of abnormal Ag
- CD8

31
Q

How do killer T cell kill?

A

Fas-Fas ligand interaction

  • T cells expressing Fas Ligand bind to Fas
  • Fas is a protein on a target cell that induce caspase activation and apoptosis.
32
Q

What are the 2 types of selection that happen in the thymus to T cells?

A

Positive and Negative selection

  • Mature T cells that are tolerant to self Ag’s leave thymus and settle in LN and Spleen
  • Self MHC restricted
33
Q

What is positive and negative selection of T cells?

A

Positive- T-cells must recognized MHC I or II in order to be stimulated to mature (self restricted)

Negative- T cells that recognized self antigens bound to MHC II on the thymus epithelial cells are driven to Apoptosis (tolerant of self Ag’s

34
Q

How do B cells recognized Ag’s to phagocytize for destruction?

A

surface IgD and IgM

- release then soluble versions of their receptors called antibodies

35
Q

What is a plasma cell?

A

a fully differentiated B cell

  • protein production factory that releases soluble versions of its receptor (antibodies)
  • these antibodies bind to Ag and gets neutralized
36
Q

How doe B cells recognized AG?

A

Alone

  • does not need simultaneous recognition of associated MHC molecule
  • it binds then is activated to prolif and diff
37
Q

what immunoglobulin with a fetus have after born if infected in the womb?

A

IgM

-They all healthy or unhealthy express IgG from mom

38
Q

What is better at activating complement IgG or M?

A

IgM

39
Q

What will a pathogen face when trying to enter the mucous membranes first, in terms of immunoglobulins?

A

IgA which is found in mucous membranes

- Then it will encounter IgM and IgG once the pathogen reaches local LN and Spleen and blood

40
Q

What makes you more susceptible to Salmonella?

A

Splenectomy because it makes IgG and IgM which would be decreased in this case

IHO (10 decks)

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