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IHO > Intro- Diebs > Flashcards

Intro- Diebs Flashcards

1
Q

How many microorganisms do we eat per minute and per day?

A

5-10

7000-14000

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2
Q

Where are defensins found and what do they fight against?

A

Skin and Mucosal epithelial

  • Bacteria, fungi, protozoan, parasites and viruses
  • kills cells and disables viruses
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3
Q

Where are cathelicidin found and what do they fight against?

A

Mucosal epithelia

  • Disrupts membrane bacteria
  • toxic intracellular
  • kills cells
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4
Q

What type of cells secrete cathelicidin and defensins?

A

leukocytes and epithelial cells

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5
Q

What are Cathelicidins?

A

Cationic Helical Bactericidal Proteins

  • Alpha helical proteins
  • expressed in PMN as well
  • expressed in Macs as well
  • found in the lysosomes of these cells
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6
Q

What are Defensins?

A

Beta strand peptides connected by disulfide bonds

  • also cationic antimicrobial peptides
  • make invading cells more permeable, resulting in dealth
  • also modulated inflammatory responses
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7
Q

What cytokines help to differentiate myeloid progenitor cells?

A

IL-3

GM-CSF

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8
Q

What cytokines help to differentiate lymphoid progenitors cells?

A

IL-7

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9
Q

What WBC’s mature in the thymus?

A

T Cells both helper and cytotoxic

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10
Q

Where do B-cells mature in the body?

A

BM

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11
Q

What progenitors make up the adaptive immune system/

A

Only lymphoid

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12
Q

WHere do hematopoietic stem cells start growing during gestation and where do the end up and stay?

A

IN the liver at around 6 weeks

-Once mature they make their way to the long bones marrow

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13
Q

what are cytokines and their purpose?

A

To communicate and coordinate action between cells

  • they are proteins are glycoproteins
  • they are secreted usually by cells of the immune system
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14
Q

What cytokines can be secreted from non-immune cells?

A

TNF- Tumor necrosis factor
IFN-interferons
- ex epithelial cells
- most cytokines are secreted when cells become active as part of response to infection

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15
Q

What are the interferons?

A

INF-a
INF-b
INF-y
IL-10

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16
Q

What are INF’s function?

A

Cytokines important for limiting the spread of viral infections
- involved in other immune related responses

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17
Q

What are interleukins?

A

Large group of cytokines produced mainly by T-cells

- Cause neighboring cells to divide and diff

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18
Q

What are colony stimulating factors?

A

Directing the division and diff of bone marrow stem cells and precursor of blood leukocyte
- how many and what kind of leukocyte produced

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19
Q

What is a chemokine?

A

Used to direct the movement of leukocytes around the body

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20
Q

What is a tumor necrosis factor?

A

Mediated inflammation and cytotoxic reactions

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21
Q

What are transforming growth factors?

A

Regulates cell division and tissue repair

22
Q

What is the major signaling pathway for activating NFAT transcription factor ?

A

TCR–> PLCgamma1–> Calcineurin–> NFAT

23
Q

What does NFAT transcription factor activate and whats its function?

A

IT activated IL-2

  • Which stimulated T- Cells (helper, cytotoxic, regulatory) and NK’s
  • important to push cells to Treg
  • Turns T cells into effector and memory cells at the presence of Ag
  • may be involved with itchy psoriasis
24
Q

What is the function of Cyclosporine?

A

Immuno-suppressant

  • treat t-cell mediated autoimmune
  • treat organ transplant rejection
  • blocks Calcineurin
25
Q

What is the pathway for activating AP-1 transcription factor?

A

Ras/MAP kinase cascade

  • Ras pathway important in many cellular dev and activation programs
  • Ras is stimulated by TCR-mediated signals which activated cascade of Map kinases to Produced Ap-1
26
Q

What is the signaling pathway for PKC?

A

activated transcription factor NF-kB

  • important for many innate and adaptive immune processes
  • pro-inflammatory and activation rather than regulatory
27
Q

What are the 6 classes of cytokines?

A
  1. IL-1
  2. Hematopoietic (class I)
  3. Interferons (class II)
  4. TNF
  5. Chemokines
  6. IL-17
28
Q

What are the 3 common receptor subunits for hematopoietin family cytokines?

A

gamma
beta
gp130
- need specific alpha subunit receptor for sufficient binding

29
Q

What are TNF-a and their function?

A

produced by activated macrophages (pro-inflammatory cytokine)

  • mediates septic shock
  • activated endothelium
  • Causes WBC recruitment
  • vascular leak
30
Q

What is TNF-b and its function

A

Lymphotoxin alpha

  • produced by actived lymphocytes
  • delivers activation signals
  • binds neutrophils, osteoclasts and endothelial cells
  • can lead to increased expression of MHC and adhesion
31
Q

What is the innate immune system and its function?

A

Does not require previous exposure
Mediated by phagocytosis
Recognizes PAMPs

32
Q

What are PAMPs?

A

Pathogen associated molecular patterns

- LPS, Peptidoglycan, Flagellin, Bacterial DNA, Viral dsRNA

33
Q

What are DAMPs?

A

Damage-associated molecular patterns

- intracellular proteins and protein fragments from extracellular matrix

34
Q

What are Toll-Like-Receptors?

A

Type of Pattern Recognition Receptors

  • 13 of them on humans
  • controls innate immunity
  • ant/post diff as well
  • activated by PAMPs and DAMPs
35
Q

What does the stimulation of TLR’s initiate?

A

cascade that leads to activation

  • AP-1
  • NF-kB
  • Interferon Regulatory factors
  • which ultimately leads to production of IFN, pro-inflam cytokines, effector cytokines
36
Q

What is the common extracellular element of TLR’s that binds PAMPs and DAMPs?

A

Leucine Rich Repeats

LRR

37
Q

What does TLR4/4 bind too?

A

Gram-negative bacteria

38
Q

What does TLR2/1 bind to?

A

Bacteria

parasites

39
Q

What does TLR2/6 bind to?

A

Gram + bacteria

fungi

40
Q

What does TRL11/11 bind to?

A

Uropathogenic bacteria

41
Q

What does TRL5/5 bind to?

A

Flagellinated bacteria

42
Q

What are the extracellular TLR’s?

A 
4/4
2/1
2/6
11/11
5/5
43
Q

What are the intracellular TLR’s?

A 
4/4
3/3
7/7
8/8
9/9
44
Q

What does TLR 4/4 bind to intracellularly?

A

Viral proteins

45
Q

What does TLR 3/3 bind to?

A

Viral dsRNA

46
Q

What does TLR 7/7 bind to?

A

Viral ssRNA

47
Q

What does TLR 8/8 bind to?

A

viral ssRNA

48
Q

What does TLR 9/9 bind to?

A

Bacterial DNA

viral DNA

49
Q

What are some of the causes of NF-kB activation?

A

expression of pro-imflam genes

  • increased phagocytosis and synthesis of reactive oxygen and nitrogen molecules of macrophages and neutrophils
  • increased efficiency of antigen presenting
50
Q

Where are some of the specialized macrophages found?

A 
Brain- Microglial
Lung- alveolar macs
Liver- Kupffer cells 
Blood- monocytes
Splenic- Macrophages
Kidney- Mesangial phagocytes
Lymph node- Resident and recirculating macs
Stem Cell- precursors
Synovial- A cells

IHO (10 decks)

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