Circulating blood Flashcards
What is blood and what is it made up of?
Specialized connective tissue
- made up of cells and intercellular materials
What are the cells that make up the blood?
RBC WBC - Granulocytes (PMNs) -Agranulocytes Platelets
What cell types make up granulocytes?
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
- lose ability to divide while developing
What cell types make up agranulocytes?
Lymphocytes
monocytes
- maintain ability to divide throughout dev
What is composed of the intercellular materials?
Water- 90%
Proteins- 7%
Salts- 0.9%
organic compounds 2.1%
What are the proteins of the blood?
Albumin
Various globulins
Fibrinogen
What are the salts of the blood?
Ca Na K Cl Phosphate Bicarb
What are the organic compounds of the blood?
Amino acids carbohydrates lipids hormones vitamins
How can you tell the difference between plasma and serum and why?
Plasma clots where serum doesnt
- serum lacks protein fibrinogen and some other clotting factors
Facts on RBC’s?
120-130 days 5 mil/mL 4.5 females mil/mL 500-1000x more than WBC's - no nucleus
What are some morphological features of RBC’s?
- Biconcave disk
- Anaerobic glycolysis and
- Spectrin, ankyrin and actin for cytoskeleton
- Carbs and glycophorins
What causes the biconcave disk shape of RBC’s?
Links of cytoskeletal proteins to integral membrane
What is Rouleaux and its significance?
Stacks of aggregated RBC’s
- high Sed rate
- risk for obstruction
- high plasma or high RBC’s
Where are ABO antigen blood types found?
Glycophorin C
- found on extracellular surface
How does blood transfusion reaction occur and why?
We make antibodies against the antigens that we dont present on OUR RBC’s.
- Ex. if we have A type blood then we make antibodies against the B type antigen.
- O makes for both
What are some facts about Platelets?
Myeloid–> Megakaryocytes–> platelets
- 8-10 days
- granulomere and hyalomere regions
- clotting function
- 400,000/mL
What creates the disk shape of platelets?
Microtubules
- invaginations of plasma membrane
- may sequester Ca
What doe alpha granules produced in platelets?
Fibrinogen
plasminogen
What do delta granules produce?
ADP/ATP
- serotonin
What are some morphological features of Neutrophils?
Multi lobed nucleus
- 50-70% in diff count
- 4,400/mL
- twice the size of RBC
What are Azurophilic granules?
Primary Granules
- Reddish-Purple
- Myeloperoxidase
- appears early then diminishes
- proteinases
- acid phosphatases
- Beta Glucuronidase
- 20%
What are the granules of neutrophils?
Primary- Azurophilic
Secondary- Specific
Tertiary
What are 2’ granules?
80%
- Lavender/lilac
- Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase (LAP)
- lysozyme and lactoferrin
- Collagenase
What are the purpose of lysozymes and lactoferrin?
- Breaks down bacterial cell wall
- harbors essential iron from bacteria
What are 3’ granules?
geletinase
- glycoproteins destined for cell membrane
- aid in phagocytic process and movement
Can you tell a neutrophil from females from males?
Yes
- one can see the club shaped Barr Bodies on females
- made by X-chromosome inactivation
What is the function of neutrophils?
Chemoattractants cause them to migrate to sites of infection
- phagocytose bacteria, foreign objects
- cells die and cause puss
What are 2 other ways other than phagocytosis in which neutrophils function?
Degranulation- release reactive oxygen species
- Neutrophil Extracellular traps- chromatin and granule proteins from NET trap
What are some features of eosinophils?
Large Specific granules
- 1-6% thus 200/mL
- 12-17um
- Bi-lobed
- Neutrophil size
What are the function of azurophilic granules in eosinophilic cells?
Hydrolytic enzymes and peroxidase
- destroy parasitic worms
- hydrolysis of antigen-antibody complexes
What are some interesting facts about eosinophilic specific granules?
Large
- rich in arginine
- cystalline substructure
- contents help combat parasites
Where are eosinophilic cells found?
Lamina Propria, underlying epithelium of digestive tract and respiratory tracts
What are the causes of eosinophilia?
NAACP Neoplasm Asthma Allergic processes Chronic adrenal insufficiency Parasites
What are some function of Eosinophils?
Produces histaminase and major basic protein (against helminths)
- degrades leukotrienes
- modules local inflammatory responses
What are some features of Basophils?
Irregular shape nucleus that is hard to see
- 0.5% on diff thus 40/mL
8-12 um
- both specific and azurophilic granules- lysosomes
What doe the specific granules of basophils cause?
- Histamine
- Heparin
- Eosinophilic chemotactic factor
- neutrophil chemotactic factor
- Perioxidase
What can cause basophilia?
Rare
- Leukemias (CML)
- Chicken pox
- sinus inflammations
What are basophil functions?
Medicates allergic reactions and initiates inflammatory response
- releases leukotrienes
- recognized FC on IgE
How much of a blood diff should lymphocytes be?
20-40% about 2500/ML
- nucleus is dark stained
- smaller
- CANNOT diff on histology
- B, T, and NK cells
Where do B-cells mature and what are its fates?
Bone Marrow
- 15% of circulating lymphocytes
- migrates to Lymphatic tissues like spleen and nodes
- becomes plasma cells or memory cells after encountering an antigen
- can function as a APC by MHC II
Where do T- cells mature and what are its fates?
Thymus but come from bone marrow
- Thymus only “passes” about 2% of T-cells
- Majority of circulating lymphocytes at 80%
What do T cells need for activation?
CD28
- appropriate antigen
- mac presentation
What are the subsets of T cells?
Cytotoxic (Tc) CD8, MHC I
T helper (Ts) CD4, MHC II
T supressor (Ts)
- cannot distinguish histologically
What is the function of T cells?
Cell mediated immune responses
- assist in humoral mediates immune response
What are Natural Killer cells?
Not B or T cells
- able to kill without antigen
- release granules of PERFORIN proteins
- important for viral infection
What is the cell diff count of monocytes?
2-8% about 300/mL
- indent oval, kidney, horseshoe- shaped nucleus
- some azurophli granules
What is the function of monocytes?
Diff into macs in different tissues
- 2nd line defense against invading organisms
Where are chylomicrons found?
Plasma
- fat combined with plasma protein
- after fatty meal
What is hemoconia?
junk in the blood stream
- broken down RBCs, endothelial cells and other things not filtered by spleen and liver
What is lymph?
Plasma- carries carbonic acid
Cells - lymphocytes and granulocytes
Coagulated slowly
