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IHO > Circulating blood > Flashcards

Circulating blood Flashcards

1
Q

What is blood and what is it made up of?

A

Specialized connective tissue

- made up of cells and intercellular materials

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2
Q

What are the cells that make up the blood?

A 
RBC
WBC
- Granulocytes (PMNs)
-Agranulocytes 
Platelets
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3
Q

What cell types make up granulocytes?

A

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
- lose ability to divide while developing

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4
Q

What cell types make up agranulocytes?

A

Lymphocytes
monocytes
- maintain ability to divide throughout dev

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5
Q

What is composed of the intercellular materials?

A

Water- 90%
Proteins- 7%
Salts- 0.9%
organic compounds 2.1%

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6
Q

What are the proteins of the blood?

A

Albumin
Various globulins
Fibrinogen

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7
Q

What are the salts of the blood?

A 
Ca
Na
K
Cl 
Phosphate
Bicarb
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8
Q

What are the organic compounds of the blood?

A 
Amino acids
carbohydrates
lipids
hormones
vitamins
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9
Q

How can you tell the difference between plasma and serum and why?

A

Plasma clots where serum doesnt

- serum lacks protein fibrinogen and some other clotting factors

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10
Q

Facts on RBC’s?

A 
120-130 days
5 mil/mL
4.5 females mil/mL
500-1000x more than WBC's
- no nucleus
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11
Q

What are some morphological features of RBC’s?

A
  • Biconcave disk
  • Anaerobic glycolysis and
  • Spectrin, ankyrin and actin for cytoskeleton
  • Carbs and glycophorins
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12
Q

What causes the biconcave disk shape of RBC’s?

A

Links of cytoskeletal proteins to integral membrane

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13
Q

What is Rouleaux and its significance?

A

Stacks of aggregated RBC’s

  • high Sed rate
  • risk for obstruction
  • high plasma or high RBC’s
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14
Q

Where are ABO antigen blood types found?

A

Glycophorin C

- found on extracellular surface

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15
Q

How does blood transfusion reaction occur and why?

A

We make antibodies against the antigens that we dont present on OUR RBC’s.

  • Ex. if we have A type blood then we make antibodies against the B type antigen.
  • O makes for both
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16
Q

What are some facts about Platelets?

A

Myeloid–> Megakaryocytes–> platelets

  • 8-10 days
  • granulomere and hyalomere regions
  • clotting function
  • 400,000/mL
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17
Q

What creates the disk shape of platelets?

A

Microtubules

  • invaginations of plasma membrane
  • may sequester Ca
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18
Q

What doe alpha granules produced in platelets?

A

Fibrinogen

plasminogen

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19
Q

What do delta granules produce?

A

ADP/ATP

- serotonin

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20
Q

What are some morphological features of Neutrophils?

A

Multi lobed nucleus

  • 50-70% in diff count
  • 4,400/mL
  • twice the size of RBC
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21
Q

What are Azurophilic granules?

A

Primary Granules

  • Reddish-Purple
  • Myeloperoxidase
  • appears early then diminishes
  • proteinases
  • acid phosphatases
  • Beta Glucuronidase
  • 20%
22
Q

What are the granules of neutrophils?

A

Primary- Azurophilic
Secondary- Specific
Tertiary

23
Q

What are 2’ granules?

A

80%

  • Lavender/lilac
  • Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase (LAP)
  • lysozyme and lactoferrin
  • Collagenase
24
Q

What are the purpose of lysozymes and lactoferrin?

A
  • Breaks down bacterial cell wall

- harbors essential iron from bacteria

25
Q

What are 3’ granules?

A

geletinase

  • glycoproteins destined for cell membrane
  • aid in phagocytic process and movement
26
Q

Can you tell a neutrophil from females from males?

A

Yes

  • one can see the club shaped Barr Bodies on females
  • made by X-chromosome inactivation
27
Q

What is the function of neutrophils?

A

Chemoattractants cause them to migrate to sites of infection

  • phagocytose bacteria, foreign objects
  • cells die and cause puss
28
Q

What are 2 other ways other than phagocytosis in which neutrophils function?

A

Degranulation- release reactive oxygen species

- Neutrophil Extracellular traps- chromatin and granule proteins from NET trap

29
Q

What are some features of eosinophils?

A

Large Specific granules

  • 1-6% thus 200/mL
  • 12-17um
  • Bi-lobed
  • Neutrophil size
30
Q

What are the function of azurophilic granules in eosinophilic cells?

A

Hydrolytic enzymes and peroxidase

  • destroy parasitic worms
  • hydrolysis of antigen-antibody complexes
31
Q

What are some interesting facts about eosinophilic specific granules?

A

Large

  • rich in arginine
  • cystalline substructure
  • contents help combat parasites
32
Q

Where are eosinophilic cells found?

A

Lamina Propria, underlying epithelium of digestive tract and respiratory tracts

33
Q

What are the causes of eosinophilia?

A 
NAACP
Neoplasm
Asthma 
Allergic processes
Chronic adrenal insufficiency
Parasites
34
Q

What are some function of Eosinophils?

A

Produces histaminase and major basic protein (against helminths)

  • degrades leukotrienes
  • modules local inflammatory responses
35
Q

What are some features of Basophils?

A

Irregular shape nucleus that is hard to see
- 0.5% on diff thus 40/mL
8-12 um
- both specific and azurophilic granules- lysosomes

36
Q

What doe the specific granules of basophils cause?

A
  • Histamine
  • Heparin
  • Eosinophilic chemotactic factor
  • neutrophil chemotactic factor
  • Perioxidase
37
Q

What can cause basophilia?

A

Rare

  • Leukemias (CML)
  • Chicken pox
  • sinus inflammations
38
Q

What are basophil functions?

A

Medicates allergic reactions and initiates inflammatory response

  • releases leukotrienes
  • recognized FC on IgE
39
Q

How much of a blood diff should lymphocytes be?

A

20-40% about 2500/ML

  • nucleus is dark stained
  • smaller
  • CANNOT diff on histology
  • B, T, and NK cells
40
Q

Where do B-cells mature and what are its fates?

A

Bone Marrow

  • 15% of circulating lymphocytes
  • migrates to Lymphatic tissues like spleen and nodes
  • becomes plasma cells or memory cells after encountering an antigen
  • can function as a APC by MHC II
41
Q

Where do T- cells mature and what are its fates?

A

Thymus but come from bone marrow

  • Thymus only “passes” about 2% of T-cells
  • Majority of circulating lymphocytes at 80%
42
Q

What do T cells need for activation?

A

CD28

  • appropriate antigen
  • mac presentation
43
Q

What are the subsets of T cells?

A

Cytotoxic (Tc) CD8, MHC I
T helper (Ts) CD4, MHC II
T supressor (Ts)
- cannot distinguish histologically

44
Q

What is the function of T cells?

A

Cell mediated immune responses

- assist in humoral mediates immune response

45
Q

What are Natural Killer cells?

A

Not B or T cells

  • able to kill without antigen
  • release granules of PERFORIN proteins
  • important for viral infection
46
Q

What is the cell diff count of monocytes?

A

2-8% about 300/mL

  • indent oval, kidney, horseshoe- shaped nucleus
  • some azurophli granules
47
Q

What is the function of monocytes?

A

Diff into macs in different tissues

- 2nd line defense against invading organisms

48
Q

Where are chylomicrons found?

A

Plasma

  • fat combined with plasma protein
  • after fatty meal
49
Q

What is hemoconia?

A

junk in the blood stream

- broken down RBCs, endothelial cells and other things not filtered by spleen and liver

50
Q

What is lymph?

A

Plasma- carries carbonic acid
Cells - lymphocytes and granulocytes
Coagulated slowly

IHO (10 decks)

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