Circulating blood Flashcards by Keaton Joppru

What is blood and what is it made up of?

Specialized connective tissue

- made up of cells and intercellular materials

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What are the cells that make up the blood?

RBC
WBC
- Granulocytes (PMNs)
-Agranulocytes 
Platelets

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What cell types make up granulocytes?

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
- lose ability to divide while developing

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What cell types make up agranulocytes?

Lymphocytes
monocytes
- maintain ability to divide throughout dev

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What is composed of the intercellular materials?

Water- 90%
Proteins- 7%
Salts- 0.9%
organic compounds 2.1%

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What are the proteins of the blood?

Albumin
Various globulins
Fibrinogen

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What are the salts of the blood?

Ca
Na
K
Cl 
Phosphate
Bicarb

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What are the organic compounds of the blood?

Amino acids
carbohydrates
lipids
hormones
vitamins

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How can you tell the difference between plasma and serum and why?

Plasma clots where serum doesnt

- serum lacks protein fibrinogen and some other clotting factors

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Facts on RBC’s?

120-130 days
5 mil/mL
4.5 females mil/mL
500-1000x more than WBC's
- no nucleus

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What are some morphological features of RBC’s?

Biconcave disk
Anaerobic glycolysis and
Spectrin, ankyrin and actin for cytoskeleton
Carbs and glycophorins

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What causes the biconcave disk shape of RBC’s?

Links of cytoskeletal proteins to integral membrane

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What is Rouleaux and its significance?

Stacks of aggregated RBC’s

high Sed rate
risk for obstruction
high plasma or high RBC’s

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Where are ABO antigen blood types found?

Glycophorin C

- found on extracellular surface

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How does blood transfusion reaction occur and why?

We make antibodies against the antigens that we dont present on OUR RBC’s.

Ex. if we have A type blood then we make antibodies against the B type antigen.
O makes for both

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What are some facts about Platelets?

Myeloid–> Megakaryocytes–> platelets

8-10 days
granulomere and hyalomere regions
clotting function
400,000/mL

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What creates the disk shape of platelets?

Microtubules

invaginations of plasma membrane
may sequester Ca

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What doe alpha granules produced in platelets?

Fibrinogen

plasminogen

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What do delta granules produce?

ADP/ATP

- serotonin

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What are some morphological features of Neutrophils?

Multi lobed nucleus

50-70% in diff count
4,400/mL
twice the size of RBC

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What are Azurophilic granules?

Primary Granules

Reddish-Purple
Myeloperoxidase
appears early then diminishes
proteinases
acid phosphatases
Beta Glucuronidase
20%

What are the granules of neutrophils?

Primary- Azurophilic
Secondary- Specific
Tertiary

What are 2’ granules?

80%

Lavender/lilac
Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase (LAP)
lysozyme and lactoferrin
Collagenase

What are the purpose of lysozymes and lactoferrin?

Breaks down bacterial cell wall

- harbors essential iron from bacteria

What are 3' granules?

geletinase - glycoproteins destined for cell membrane - aid in phagocytic process and movement

Can you tell a neutrophil from females from males?

Yes - one can see the club shaped Barr Bodies on females - made by X-chromosome inactivation

What is the function of neutrophils?

Chemoattractants cause them to migrate to sites of infection - phagocytose bacteria, foreign objects - cells die and cause puss

What are 2 other ways other than phagocytosis in which neutrophils function?

Degranulation- release reactive oxygen species | - Neutrophil Extracellular traps- chromatin and granule proteins from NET trap

What are some features of eosinophils?

Large Specific granules - 1-6% thus 200/mL - 12-17um - Bi-lobed - Neutrophil size

What are the function of azurophilic granules in eosinophilic cells?

Hydrolytic enzymes and peroxidase - destroy parasitic worms - hydrolysis of antigen-antibody complexes

What are some interesting facts about eosinophilic specific granules?

Large - rich in arginine - cystalline substructure - contents help combat parasites

Where are eosinophilic cells found?

Lamina Propria, underlying epithelium of digestive tract and respiratory tracts

What are the causes of eosinophilia?

``` NAACP Neoplasm Asthma Allergic processes Chronic adrenal insufficiency Parasites ```

What are some function of Eosinophils?

Produces histaminase and major basic protein (against helminths) - degrades leukotrienes - modules local inflammatory responses

What are some features of Basophils?

Irregular shape nucleus that is hard to see - 0.5% on diff thus 40/mL 8-12 um - both specific and azurophilic granules- lysosomes

What doe the specific granules of basophils cause?

- Histamine - Heparin - Eosinophilic chemotactic factor - neutrophil chemotactic factor - Perioxidase

What can cause basophilia?

Rare - Leukemias (CML) - Chicken pox - sinus inflammations

What are basophil functions?

Medicates allergic reactions and initiates inflammatory response - releases leukotrienes - recognized FC on IgE

How much of a blood diff should lymphocytes be?

20-40% about 2500/ML - nucleus is dark stained - smaller - CANNOT diff on histology - B, T, and NK cells

Where do B-cells mature and what are its fates?

Bone Marrow - 15% of circulating lymphocytes - migrates to Lymphatic tissues like spleen and nodes - becomes plasma cells or memory cells after encountering an antigen - can function as a APC by MHC II

Where do T- cells mature and what are its fates?

Thymus but come from bone marrow - Thymus only "passes" about 2% of T-cells - Majority of circulating lymphocytes at 80%

What do T cells need for activation?

CD28 - appropriate antigen - mac presentation

What are the subsets of T cells?

Cytotoxic (Tc) CD8, MHC I T helper (Ts) CD4, MHC II T supressor (Ts) - cannot distinguish histologically

What is the function of T cells?

Cell mediated immune responses | - assist in humoral mediates immune response

What are Natural Killer cells?

Not B or T cells - able to kill without antigen - release granules of PERFORIN proteins - important for viral infection

What is the cell diff count of monocytes?

2-8% about 300/mL - indent oval, kidney, horseshoe- shaped nucleus - some azurophli granules

What is the function of monocytes?

Diff into macs in different tissues | - 2nd line defense against invading organisms

Where are chylomicrons found?

Plasma - fat combined with plasma protein - after fatty meal

What is hemoconia?

junk in the blood stream | - broken down RBCs, endothelial cells and other things not filtered by spleen and liver

What is lymph?

Plasma- carries carbonic acid Cells - lymphocytes and granulocytes Coagulated slowly