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IHO > Antibodies part 1 > Flashcards

Antibodies part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What does electrophoresis separate serum proteins into?

A

Albumin
Alpha
Beta
Gamma

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2
Q

What are some other names for antibodies?

A

Gamma globulin
Immune globulin
Immunoglobulin
- infact antibody is specific to a toxin and thus immunoglobulins are the big 5

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3
Q

IF you were to have a huge spike in Gamma on an electrophoresis what should you suspect?

A

Lymphoma

- massive clonal expansion because you have a ton of antibodies produced

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4
Q

What are some adapter molecules for antibodies?

A

Immune complex
Immune complex/pathogen
Target Cell/pathogen
Antigen

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5
Q

How many variable and constant regions are found on the heavy chain?

A

1 variable

3-4 constant

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6
Q

How many variable and constant regions are found on the light chain?

A

1 variable
1 constant
- the C domains are structurally similar throughout

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7
Q

what type of bond holds regions of the antibody together?

A

Disulfide bonds

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8
Q

What region of the heavy chain interacts with complement and how does it do this?

A

CH2

  • done because patches of carbohydrates push this region out
  • this is how antibodies initiate inflammation
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9
Q

What causes isotype switching and where?

A

Cytokines and CD40L

- germinal centers of LN

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10
Q

What doe naive B cells express in terms of immunoglobulin on their surfaces?

A

IgM

IgD

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11
Q

What is the most abundant antibody in the body?

A

IgG

  • 4 subtypes
  • crosses placenta (passive infant immunity)
  • Opsonized bacteria
  • neutralizes Bacterial toxins and viruses
  • fixes complement
  • monomer
  • delayed response
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12
Q

What antibody is secreted as a dimer and what connects this dimer?

A

IgA

  • J chain
  • monomer in circulation though
  • 2 subunits
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13
Q

What is the purpose of IgA and where is it produced?

A

Prevents bacterial and viral attachement to mucous membranes

  • produced in GI tract (ex. Payers patches)
  • Protects gut infections like Gardia
  • most abundant Antibody but not in serum concentrations
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14
Q

Where is IgA released from?

A

Tears, saliva, mucus, breast milk

- picks up 2’ component from epithelial cells

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15
Q

What antibody is a pentamer when secreted? What binds the units of it?

A

IgM

  • J Chain
  • Part of immediate response to antigen
  • Fixes complement and doesnt cross placenta
  • Monomer on B-cell
  • pentamer allows for most efficient binding of complement while humoral response evolves
  • 2 subunits
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16
Q

Where is IgD primary found?

A

B Cell and tract in serum

- unknown function

17
Q

What is IgE secreted as?

A

monomer

  • Binds mast cells and basophils
  • Cross link when exposed to antigen cause huge release of inflammatory mediates like histamine (TYPE I hypersensitivity)
  • lowest conc. in serum
  • mediates immunity against worms
18
Q

What is the basic structure of an antibody?

A

2 heavy
2 light chains
FC
FAB

19
Q

How many kinds of heavy chains are there?

A 
5 
Gamma
Alpha
Mu
Epsilon
Delta
20
Q

How many light chain varieties are there?

A

2
Kappa and Lambda
- each immunoglobulin will either be kappa or lambda like no mix and match

21
Q

What happens to the heavy and light chain varieties during a isotype switch, say IgM to IgA?

A

Switch heavy chain from Mu to Alpha

- light stays the same

22
Q

What is the complementarity determining regions?

A

3 ares along the variable chain that contains different amino acid sequences

23
Q

What is valence and what does it mean?

A

Number of antigenic determinants (epitopes) that can bind any antibody molecule

  • thus 10 for secreted Igm
  • 4 for IgA
  • 2 for monomers
24
Q

Can isolated Vl and VH bind?

A

no

25
Q

What are allotypes?

A

minor allelic differences in sequence of immunoglobulins between individuals
- thus everyone produces original and and individualized antibody to the same antigen

26
Q

What are idiotypes?

A

unique variable regions that bind specific antigens

27
Q

What is the most efficient form of IgG in which to be activated by complement?

A

hexamer

- need 2 to get complement binding but 6 is most efficient

IHO (10 decks)

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