specific

Question 1

the major regions we will examine include what

we will call

Answer 1

Southern Africa, Eastern Africa, Central

Africa, and Western Africa

Question 2

why isnt NOrth Africa included

Answer 2

The history of the art of Northern Africa, and Egypt
in particular, has generally been told within the context
of Western culture. Egypt is typically seen as a
forerunner of the Greek and Roman art it precedes
in the Mediterranean region. Art of Northern Africa
is also often covered in studies dealing with the advent
of Islamic art or the expansion of Christian art.

Question 3

The first Sub-Saharan objects appeared

in the West in the

Answer 3

1400s

Question 4

Fascination
with African art peaked again in the __
century, as __

Answer 4

early 20th

avant-garde artists, primarily in France
and Germany, were inspired by the visual forms of
African art-sculpture and masks in particular.

Question 5

For example, the Western tradition emphasizes __
and ___ in artistic practice. African art, on the other hand, is generally
more focused on __.

Answer 5

evolution and progress

continuity

Question 6

Additionally, African art has not been understood
as privileging __ in the way Western
art generally has.

Answer 6

authorship

Question 7

many African objects are __ in

nature

Answer 7

functional

Question 8

name 3 durable materials

Answer 8

stone, ceramic, metal

Question 9

a central aspect of much African
art that we will see repeatedly in this Resource
Guide is

Answer 9

centrality of the human figure

Question 10

another central theme is a focus on

Answer 10

visual abstraction

Question 11

describe visual abstraction in african art

Answer 11

not necessarily express itself in the total abstraction
seen in twentieth-century art in the West, but
rather involves the distortion, stylization, and exaggeration
of figures and imagery in African art

Question 12

Other visual and conceptual
concerns that may be seen as fairly consistent
in African art include an emphasis on

Answer 12

sculptural forms

Question 13

For our purposes, “southern” Africa includes

present-day (7)

Answer 13

Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Mozambique,

South Africa, Swaziland, and Lesotho.

Question 14

5 cultural groups in southern africa

Answer 14

San,

Zulu, Swazi, Sotho, and Shona peoples

Question 15

Most studies of African art end with discussions

of the __ and __ regions

Answer 15

southern, eastern

Question 16

art from __ and __ regions are more emphasized and widely studied than art from __ and __ regions

Answer 16

southern, eastern

western, central

Question 17

speical art thing found in southern africa

Answer 17

ancient rock art

Question 18

Eastern Africa, like the southern region, is where

Answer 18

some of the most ancient traces of African culture

may be found

Question 19

Eastern Africa provides the

earliest evidence anywhere in the world of

Answer 19

the development

of distinctive human activity

Question 20

We will

consider “eastern” Africa to include present-day

Answer 20

Sudan and South Sudan, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Somalia,

Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia, Malawi, and Madagascar

Question 21

geography of
Eastern Africa is extremely varied, though it has the
distinction of being home to

Answer 21

two tallest mountains
in Africa – Mount Kilimanjaro and Mount
Kenya.

Question 22

eastern african landscape is esp. well suited to ___, as ____

Answer 22

agriculture

water is relatively abundant and the
climate is cool and dry

Question 23

most culturally and

ethnically diverse of the African regions we will discuss

Answer 23

eastern africa

Question 24

eastern african trade – __ and __ were imported,
while __, __, __, and __ were sent across
the Mediterranean Sea and to the Near East.

Answer 24

iron goods, glass

gum, ,spices, ivory, and horn

Question 25

It was

also largely in Eastern Africa that ___ took hold on the continent

Answer 25

foreign religious

systems

Question 26

Christianity arrived
shortly after the ___ in ___, with
the development of ____ in
__ soon to follow

Answer 26

edict of milan, 313

strong coptic art tradition in egypt

Question 27

Islam arrived in c.___, again

first in __

Answer 27

640, egypt

Question 28

Some of the most exciting examples are the painted
scenes found in rock shelters, the oldest of which
are approximately

Answer 28

26,000 yrs old

Question 29

old rock shelter paintings

are generally found in

Answer 29

the mountains at the

edge of the South African plateau

Question 30

cave shelter paintings – europe vs africa, regarding depth

Answer 30

europe – almost always
found deep in the cave areas

africa – exposed in relatively shallow, open rock shelters

Question 31

cave shelter paintings – europe vs. africa, regarding size

Answer 31

african paintings tend to be smaller than their European

counterparts

Question 32

what did african cave shelter paintings most often depict

Answer 32

suggest
narrative scenes-presenting images of people
dancing, fighting, hunting, and performing rituals.

Question 33

African prehistoric

rock art also includes many engraved images, created through __ or __ techniques

Answer 33

chipping / incising

Question 34

african prehistoric engraved images are typically found

Answer 34

in the semi-arid

plains of the interior.

Question 35

why are african prehistoric engraved images hard to date

Answer 35

They are carved into exposed

rocks, which are often weathered

Question 36

3 types of african prehistoric engraved images

Answer 36

1) fine, hairline engravings carved into the rock surface;
2) animal representations made using a “pecking”
technique, where a stone is hammered into the
surface of the rock to produce pockmarks;
3) geometric forms

Question 37

african engraved geometric forms date from

Answer 37

1300 bce

Question 38

african engraved animal imagery dates from

Answer 38

6000 years ago

Question 39

The rock engraving shown in your Art Reproductions

Booklet comes from

Answer 39

Twyfelfontein Valley in

Namibia, near the Brandberg Mountain

Question 40

Twyfelfontein Valley is one of the richest sites for __ in africa

Answer 40

animal imagery

Question 41

The most prevalent imagery includes animal

forms such as

Answer 41

elephants, rhinoceroses, zebras, and

antelopes. Giraffes are also quite common

Question 42

the mass slaughter of animals in Africa began

in earnest during the

Answer 42

19th century

Question 43

In addition to the animal
forms, imagery at Twyfelfontein includes a handful
of human images – __ in total

Answer 43

27

Question 44

in addition to animal forms and human images, imagery at Twyfelfontein inclues

Answer 44

1. human footprints

2. various geometric forms – circles, lines, arches

Question 45

in Stone Age Petroglyphs, which 3 animals stand on the same line (in decreasing size)

Answer 45

giraffe
lion
rhinoceros

Question 46

Stone Age Petroglyphs: The animals all appear to be oriented to the __.
They are in __ profile

Answer 46

right; strict

Question 47

Stone Age Petroglyphs: The fascinating exception to the naturalistic renditions
of these animals is the presentation of the __

Answer 47

lion

Question 48

Stone Age Petroglyphs: What is striking about the animal

is the depiction of its __ and __

Answer 48

feet, tail.
feet – paws have 5 digits, not 4
tail – greatly elongated, extends straight away from the cat’s body before angling sharply at a ninety-degree angle. The tail ends, not with a tuft of fur, but with yet
another print

Question 49

The Great Bantu Migration began around

Answer 49

1000 bce

Question 50

great bantu migration was extremely significant in that it

Answer 50

completely
transformed the population of most of
Sub-Saharan Africa.

Question 51

great bantu migration began in the area of present-day __ and __

Answer 51

chad and cameroon

Question 52

What is generally
known is that the great bantu migration appears to have happened in two
major waves. describe the waves

Answer 52

The first surge moved to the east and
through the forests of the Congo. The second traveled south along the eastern coast and inland along
the region’s extensive river system.

Question 53

with the great bantu migration came 2 major developments?

Answer 53

mastery of iron production, cultivation of food crops

Question 54

The introduction of the WHICH TWO CROPS??
helped support greater and greater populations in
sub saharan africa, which grew to fill the vast landscape
around them

Answer 54

Asian banana and the yam

Question 55

the __ are the earliest sculptures

to have been found in South Africa

Answer 55

“Lydenburg Heads”

Question 56

“Lydenburg Heads” discovered in [ year ] in [ place ]

Answer 56

1962 in the northeastern town of Lydenburg

Question 57

how were lydenburg heads discovered

Answer 57

A
schoolboy stumbled upon them in an eroding gully
just outside of the town. As the hillside weathered, it
exposed a pit filled with pottery shards, beads, metal
ornaments, and other domestic trash. The fired
clay heads, which were found in fragments, were
taken to Cape Town University for study.

Question 58

lydenburg heads had how many forms?

Answer 58

7 head forms

Question 59

lydenburg heads: The heads are __ and take the basic form

of ____.

Answer 59

hollow,

inverted vessels

Question 60

lydenburg heads: name 3 elements of their decoration

Answer 60

herringbone
patterning, bands of hatched lines, triangular
design motifs

Question 61

lydenburg heads were consturcted in [ medium ] ?

Answer 61

coarse, gritty clay

Question 62

lydenburg heads: It is possible that the forms

started as ____, which were then ___

Answer 62

simple pots;
turned upside
down and embellished with incised carvings
and added clay elements

Question 63

what makes it unlikely that the 2 bigger lydenburg heads were used as masks?

Answer 63

their substantial weight, fragility,

and the positioning of the eye and mouth holes

Question 64

what makes it likely that the 5 smaller lydenburg heads were used as masks?

Answer 64

have holes drilled into their bases
that have been interpreted as anchor points to allow
the forms to be tied to posts or effigies, or possibly
to be strapped on to the top of a dancer’s head

Question 65

which lydenburg head is featured in the art reproductions guide

Answer 65

the large intact one

Question 66

Lydenburg Head:: The facial features appear to have been created
through

Answer 66

the working of the existing clay body as
well as the application of additional pieces of modeled
clay

Question 67

Lydenburg Head: These ridges, as well as the two
small knot forms seen near the ears, are typically
understood to represent

Answer 67

facial scarification, a common

practice in many regions of Africa

Question 68

lydenburg head: The hairline and crown of the head are also notable. This appears to have been sculpted into the form
of

Answer 68

an animal, particularly a lion

Question 69

wattle and daub

Answer 69

Using
this method, wooden sticks are woven into a lattice
structure that is then covered with a thick pastelike
material comprised of clay, dirt, sand, dung, and
straw.

Question 70

__ is fairly unusual in traditional African

architecture

Answer 70

stone

Question 71

shona refers to

Answer 71

the peoples
who settled the plateau south of the Zambezi
River in Southern Africa

Question 72

“the plateau south of the Zambezi

River in Southern Africa” – this region corresponds to areas of prresent day

Answer 72

Zimbabwe, Zambia, and Mozambique.

Question 73

area where shona people lived – describe landscape

Answer 73

plateau region, primarily savanna woodland

Question 74

great zimbabwe

Answer 74

One
of the most significant of these empires ; flourished from the
eleventh through the fifteenth century.

Question 75

the great zimbabwe is the [ MOST what?? ]

Answer 75

largest ancient structure

in Sub-Saharan Africa

Question 76

zimbabwe (meaning in the past)

Answer 76

a judicial center or royal palace in Shona
culture. The concept basically corresponds with
our contemporary idea of a court

Question 77

zimbabwe (meaning today)

Answer 77

used to describe any of the over three hundred

ruins of this nature on the Zimbabwean plateau

Question 78

The Great Zimbabwe is comprised of three main

sections or components:

Answer 78

Hill Ruin, the Great

Enclosure, and the Valley Ruins.

Question 79

The Great Zimbabwe is comprised of three main

sections or components, all of which include

Answer 79

granite walls enclosing spaces filled with stone

floors, platforms, and mud buildings.

Question 80

hill ruin

Answer 80

oldest section and is sited on a rocky hilltop
overlooking the valley. Its built stone components
are connected to a cave of living rock.

Question 81

time the great enclosure was completed

Answer 81

at least a hundred years

after the Hill Ruin, sometime before 1450 CE.

Question 82

great enclosure

Answer 82

most impressive of the ruins and is characterized

by its largely intact exterior wall,

Question 83

the Valley Ruins

are made up of

Answer 83

various walls and structures dotting

the valley floor between the Hill Ruin and Great Enclosure.

Question 84

great zimbabwe – The illustration in your Art Reproductions

Booklet is a view from

Answer 84

the Hill Ruin looking down

into the valley.

Question 85

great zimbabwe – The most obvious feature we see

from this __ perspective is __

Answer 85

semi-aerial;
the wall of the
Great Enclosure.

Question 86

The Great Enclosure’s main wall is constructed

of

Answer 86

dry stone masonry – no mortar was used to bind

the rocks to each other

Question 87

While the great enclosure’s size suggests a ___, the wall ___

Answer 87

defensive function;
does not fully enclose the
interior space and meanders

Question 88

great enclosure – Curving forms, both
in the wall itself, and in details such as the steps at
the entrance points, add

Answer 88

an almost playful, purely

aesthetic component.

Question 89

exfoliated granite

Answer 89

a fascinating
type of natural quarrying. The topography of
the Zimbabwean plateau is characterized by granite
outcroppings. These mounds of stone are stressed
by the annual temperature and humidity changes
in the area-the extreme heat of the summer rainy
season that extends from November to March and
the dry, cold winters from April to October. The
granite breaks apart into even sheets of stone under
these climatic pressures. Shona stone masons were
originally able to collect their materials as needed
by merely picking them up off the ground. Later,
the stone was more actively quarried, as it was
alternately heated and then doused with water to
artificially create these natural weather conditions

Question 90

great enclosure wall medium?

Answer 90

exfoliated granite

Question 91

describe appearance of exfoliated granite

Answer 91

unusually beautiful
aesthetic quality, as the micas in the granite sparkle
and glow in the sun.

Question 92

great enclosure – ____ are set into the walls, both exterior and interior

Answer 92

various turrets and monoliths

Question 93

what kind of sculptures were found in the buildings enclosed by the Great Enclosure?

Answer 93

a number of carved soapstone sculptures in the

form of birds

Question 94

The bird, and
particularly the eagle or other raptor, was a symbol
for

Answer 94

the Shona kings who ruled the area

Question 95

the Shona kings who ruled the area were symbolized by

Answer 95

The bird, and

particularly the eagle or other raptor

Question 96

The Conical Tower is shaped

like

Answer 96

a grain bin

Question 97

describe conical tower symbolization

Answer 97

In Shona culture, the ruler received
tribute in the form of grain, which he then distributed
to visitors and the poor. Thus, the tower form
is a symbol of royal authority and generosity

Question 98

chikuva

Answer 98

stand upon which a wife displayed

her pottery in the home

Question 99

great zimbabwe – what did the stepped platform represetn?

Answer 99

the platform served as a symbol for the wife’s value
and role in family, and that the tower and platform
together symbolized male and female roles, or those
of the state and the family

Question 100

the great enclosure generally functioned as

Answer 100

a royal court

Question 101

great enclosure – Structures inside the wall ____, while those outside
____

Answer 101

served the needs of the
ruler and his immediate family;

would have housed other members of the court,
such as minor royalty and governmental officials

Question 102

It is possible that the Hill Ruins were built initially

to house other members of the court, but ____

Answer 102

that as the population increased,

more extensive grounds were needed

Question 103

all the structures of the great zimbabwe emphasize

Answer 103

a human assertion
of itself over nature, albeit with a measure
of respect and unity

Question 104

what did the shona believe about the dead

Answer 104

The
Shona believed that the dead, and particularly the
male head of a family, continued to remain a living
and protective presence

Question 105

The architecture of the Great Zimbabwe,

then, served as a visual demonstration of ___

Answer 105

the ruler’s
power over – and also his ultimate responsibility
to – the people.

Question 106

shona – The
land was seen as___, and the
leader’s authority was connected to ___

Answer 106

belonging to the ancestors;

his control of
that land, which he merely held in trust during his
lifetime

Question 107

Musical instruments are

often highly decorated, which

Answer 107

beautifies them and indicates

their importance culturally

Question 108

Decorations may also be an integral
component of ___, thus connecting
____,

Answer 108

the sound an
object makes;

ornamentation to the instrument’s
functionality

Question 109

The region of ancient Nubia corresponds to present-day

Answer 109

Egypt, the Sudan, and Ethiopia

Question 110

Ancieent Nubia, like ancient Egypt, was

Answer 110

divided into two parts:
Lower Nubia in the north and Upper Nubia in the
south.

Question 111

Nubian culture centered, again like ancient

Egyptian, on

Answer 111

the nile river

Question 112

describe geography of nile river

Answer 112

The river runs northward
from the highlands of Eastern Africa down to
the delta region in the north, where it empties into
the Mediterranean Sea. Thus, “upper” refers to the
highlands of the more southerly area, where “lower”
refers to the lowlands in the northern region

Question 113

The border between Upper and Lower Nubia coincides

with

Answer 113

the modern border between Egypt and

the Sudan.

Question 114

__% of ancient nubia was [ landform ]

Answer 114

96%; desert

Question 115

Nubian culture relied on __, allowing for agricultural production.

Answer 115

the annual
flooding of the Nile to bring the rich soil to the
riverbanks

Question 116

Nubia’s Nile Valley provided the only dependable

route

Answer 116

across the Saharan desert to the Mediterranean

Sea

Question 117

Ancient Nubia was seen as __. Nubia became a key crossroads

between __

Answer 117

the “gateway to Africa”;

between the African interior and other civilizations
in the broader region.

Question 118

The Nubians traded with (4)

Answer 118

ancient Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans, as well

as with cultures from the Near East

Question 119

The Nubians and Egyptians alternately ___. We see evidence of this in
Egyptian art of the period, which often depicts

Answer 119

dominated
each other over time;

the
Nubian rulers who intermittently ruled in the north.

Question 120

Nubian figures can be distinguished by __, as well as __

Answer 120

specific and
distinct symbols of kingship;
recognizable
clothing, jewelry, and short, curly hairstyles

Question 121

the Egyptians depicted themselves with __

skin (for males) or __ (for females)

Answer 121

red brown;

yellow

Question 122

Nubian individuals

were shown with __ in Egyptian art

Answer 122

very dark brown or black

skin

Question 123

Nubian culture can also be distinguished from

the culture of ancient Egypt through (3)

Answer 123

its distinctive
architectural forms, funerary rituals, and pantheon
of gods.

Question 124

many of the descendants of ancient Nubians were relocated with

Answer 124

the construction of

the Aswan High Dam (1960-71) along the Nile.

Question 125

kissar

Answer 125

lyre

Question 126

kissar – was owned by who?

Answer 126

singer and spiritual healer

Question 127

who holds the kissar?

Answer 127

british museum

Question 128

lydenburg heads are all now on display at

Answer 128

the South

African Museum in Cape Town.

Question 129

Musical

ensembles primarily performed at

Answer 129

weddings and
other life-cycle ceremonies, harvest festivals, and
most importantly, ceremonies associated with the
zar cult.

Question 130

The lyre would have been the __
in a small musical ensemble that included other instruments
such as __ and __

Answer 130

lead instrument;

tambourines and drums

Question 131

Zar ceremonies

were intended as

Answer 131

healing rituals for women in

Nubian culture

Question 132

gender of musicians and their audiecnes?

Answer 132

While the musicians themselves would have been
male, the audience and beneficiaries of the zar ceremonies
would have been largely female

Question 133

during zar ceremonies, women seek to

Answer 133

communicate
with and to placate whatever zar spirits
have taken possession of their bodies in
order to regain an equilibrium, which has
somehow been disturbed

Question 134

the lyre’s main body is consturcted of

Answer 134

a hemispherical wooden
form with a skin sound board stretched across its
surface.

Question 135

the lyre was understood as

Answer 135

an anthropomorphic

object-one with human characteristics.

Question 136

Again, according to the British Museum’s description,

the lyre has

Answer 136

“two ‘eyes’, a ‘nose’ and outstretched

‘arms’ -and when played it has a ‘voice.’

Question 137

Each item exuberantly suspended from this object
likely relates to a specific instance of its use.
One scholar has stated that

Answer 137

“it is probable that each
time the instrument was used in a ceremony, the
person receiving the rituals offered an item of personal
adornment.’’

Question 138

People
have inhabited Central Africa (sometimes also
referred to as “Middle Africa”) for at least the last

Answer 138

100,000 years

Question 139

although central africa experienced some of the

worst effects of the slave trade and colonialism in, it was the center of

Answer 139

very powerful kingdoms, such as
the Lunda Empire and the Kingdom
of Kongo

Question 140

what countries comprise central africa

Answer 140

southern Cameroon, Gabon,
Equatorial Guinea, the Congo
Republic, Cabinda, the Democratic
Republic of Congo, and northern
Angola

Question 141

central africa is bisected by ___ and is generally defined as the area ___

Answer 141

the equator; the broad area drained by the

Congo River system

Question 142

central africa climate

Answer 142

hot and wet

Question 143

central african cultural groups

Answer 143

Kongo, Fang, Chokwe, Yombe, and Cameroon Grasslands

peoples

Question 144

most central african groups have traditionally engaged in

agricultural production, primarily cultivating (3)

Answer 144

root

crops, bananas, and plantains

Question 145

central aafrican Spiritual practices largely consist of rituals associated
with

Answer 145

initiation rites, veneration of the dead,

and healing ceremonies

Question 146

our study will have a partiuclar focus on ____, which is characteristic of the arts of Central
Africa

Answer 146

sculptural production