2

Question 1

a competition held in the city of Florence
in 1401 for the design of the doors for the city’s
new baptistery. who was winner

Answer 1

lorenzo ghiberti

Question 2

ghierti’s design

Answer 2

had figures harkening back to those
of classical Greece. Ghiberti’s panel design depicts
the sacrifice of Isaac, in which Isaac appears as a
classical Greek figure.

Question 3

gates of paradise

Answer 3

door panels for cathedral entrance, made by ghiberti

Question 4

fillipo brunelleschi

Answer 4

After losing the
competition, he concentrated on architecture and
won a competition to complete the dome of the cathedral
in Florence, which had remained unfinished
for many years because architects had not been able
to construct the huge vault that was required to
span the open space. Brunelleschi achieved this major
engineering feat with the help of a double-shelled
dome design that has been imitated by many later
architects.

Question 5

Brunelleschi is also credited with developing

Answer 5

linear (single vanishing point) perspective.

Question 6

Masaccio (1401-28), a Renaissance painter, is
given credit for putting Brunelleschi’s theory into
practice, as he used both __ and __ in his frescoes

Answer 6

linear and aerial perspective

Question 7

donatello best known for? most famous work?

Answer 7

founder of modern sculpture.

bronze statue of david

Question 8

botticelli

Answer 8

his best-known painting, The
Birth of Venus ( c. 1482), established an image of female
beauty that has lasted through the centuries.
His long-necked Venus with her languid pose and
flowing hair was one of the first paintings of a fulllength
nude female since antiquity.

Question 9

leondaro’s key innovation

Answer 9

sfumato – from the Italian word [umo,
meaning smoke, is the use of mellowed colors and a
blurred outline. Sfumato allows forms to blend subtly
into one another without perceptible transitions.

Question 10

leondaro da vinci’s 2 most famous paintings

Answer 10

mona lisa, the last supper

Question 11

high renaissacne - 2 famous “renaissance men”

Answer 11

leonardo da vinci and michelangelo

Question 12

Michelangelo di Buonarotti,

Answer 12

competition w/ flawed marble. created llarger than life statue of david; meant to be viewed from far below (placed on the high facade of florence cathedral”. spent 4 years in frescoe of sistine chapel

Question 13

sanzio vs michelangelo

Answer 13

Raphael was not a loner, but employed numerous
assistants to help him cover the Pope’s official
chambers with large, sumptuous frescoes,

Question 14

2 of sanzio’s masterworks

Answer 14

school of athens, sistine madonna

Question 15

school of athens

Answer 15

homage to the

great Greek philosophers and scientists.

Question 16

sistine madonnna

Answer 16

created an image of the Virgin Mary
that has endured in religious paintings throughout
the centuries.

Question 17

Giorgione
(14 77 /78-1510) is credited with making innovations
in the subject matter

Answer 17

as he painted
scenes not taken from the Bible or from classical or
allegorical stories.

Question 18

Prior to Giorgione’s painting The

Tempest (c. 1508), artists had generally

Answer 18

begun with
the figures that were to be the subject matter of the
painting and then added the background

Question 19

georgione’s most famous work

Answer 19

the tempest – landscape became the subject. the figures depicted are of lesser importance
than the storm that threatens them

Question 20

prolific venetian painters

Answer 20

georgione, tintoretto, titian vecelli

Question 21

how was Titian was an innovative

portraitist.

Answer 21

He used various elements of setting,
such as a column or a curtain, as the backdrop for
his portraits instead of an atmospheric neutral
background, as had been the custom

Question 22

tintoretto is often linked with an artistic style called

Answer 22

mannerism

Question 23

Mannerist works are characterized

by

Answer 23

the distortion of certain elements such as perspective
or scale and are also recognizable by their
use of acidic colors and the twisted positioning of
their subjects

Question 24

Although Tintoretto used some Mannerist

pictorial techniques,

Answer 24

his color schemes differed

from those of the Mannerists.

Question 25

Tintoretto presented
his figures from dramatic angles-it is said
that

Answer 25

he used small figures as models and arranged
them and rearranged them until he had the most
dramatic effect. He also used chiaroscuro

Question 26

chiaroscuro,

Answer 26

dramatic constrasts of ligt and dark used to heighten the

emotional impact of his subjects

Question 27

One of the most important events impacting

the history of sixteenth-century art was

Answer 27

the reformation

Question 28

what happened during reformation

Answer 28

Protestants criticized the opulence and
corruption of the Catholic Church and called for its
purification

Question 29

what happened to art during the reformation

Answer 29

this meant a move away from
the richly decorated churches and religious imagery
of the Renaissance.

Question 30

counter reformation emphasized

Answer 30

even more than
before, lavish church decoration and art of a highly
dramatic and emotional nature

Question 31

One of the artists
most closely associated with the Counter Reformation
is

Answer 31

Dominikos Theotokopoulos, known as El Greco

Question 32

el greco was influneced by

Answer 32

tintoeretto

Question 33

most well known mannerist painter

Answer 33

el greco

Question 34

art in northern vs southern europe

Answer 34

nothern - smaller scale; more realistic

Question 35

why were northern european paintings more realistic

Answer 35

oil paints

Question 36

__ and __ are often considered the

greatest artists of the Renaissance in northern Europe

Answer 36

matthias grunewald,

albrecht durer

Question 37

grunewald best known for

Answer 37

his religious scenes and

his depiction of Christ’s crucifixion

Question 38

gruenwald’s masterpiece

Answer 38

isemheim altarpiece; work consisting of nine

panels mounted on two sets of folding wings

Question 39

most famous artist of reformation germany

Answer 39

albrecht durer

Question 40

durer’s style

Answer 40

combined the naturalistic detail
favored by artists of the north with the theoretical
ideas developed by Italian artists

Question 41

what did durer produce

Answer 41

wrote about theories of art and published
many series of woodcuts and copper engravings,
such as The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse

Question 42

Hans Holbein the Younger

Answer 42

became court painter to King Henry
VIII of England, and his portrait of Henry VIII shows
not only his talent for presenting details, but also
his ability to capture the psychological character of
his subjects.

Question 43

“baroque” refers to

Answer 43

late 16th century - mid 18th century artworks

Question 44

Baroque

styles differed from those of the Renaissance in that

Answer 44

Baroque artworks tended to be less static than Renaissance
examples; the Baroque is characterized
by a greater sense of movement and energy

Question 45

political diff – baroque vs renaissance

Answer 45

renaissance - conflict btwn cities

baroque - conflict btwn empires

Question 46

baroque art appealed largely to the

Answer 46

emotions

Question 47

The seventeenth and eighteenth centuries in
Europe were a time when society was governed
by a ruling class that

Answer 47

viewed its power as a divine

right

Question 48

which enlightenment author complained about wealth gap

Answer 48

jean-jacques rousseau

Question 49

The word “baroque” has come to represent

Answer 49

the richness
of color and ornamentation that heightened the
energy and emotion that were characteristic of the
great works of art of this period. dyamic works presented imagery in the MOST DRAMATIC way possible

Question 50

Baroque painters made use of

Answer 50

chiaroscuro, using
exaggerated contrasts between light and dark to
create a theatrical kind oflighting that made the subject
appear to be in a spotlight.

Question 51

caravaggio

Answer 51

an Italian Baroque painter, was renowned for
his dramatic use of light and dark, and his technique
influenced many artists who followed. Caravaggio’s
work is so important that artworks using extremes
of dark and light are often termed “caravaggesque.”
Caravaggio’s work is also notable for its provocative
degree of naturalism.

Question 52

caravaggio depicted virgin mary and apostles not as

Answer 52

noble figures in classical garb as they had traditionally
been represented, but instead depicted them as
poor and simple folks in threadbare garments.

Question 53

Artemisia Gentileschi

Answer 53

w/ recent revisions of art history, she has joined the ranks of important baroque artists. She is particularly known for her remarkable adaptation
of Carravaggio’s techniques. Her works include self-portraits and paintings of old testament women

Question 54

most important baroque artist

Answer 54

gianlorenzo bernini

Question 55

since bernini worked as a

designer in the theater,

Answer 55

many of his works reflect

the influence of his theatrical background

Question 56

bernini’s most iportant masterpiece

Answer 56

Ecstasy of Saint

Teresa, set into the altar of the coronaro chapel

Question 57

bernini did his most significant work in

Answer 57

sculpture

Question 58

bernini’s early life

Answer 58

the son of a sculptor, was
a child prodigy who received recognition from the
Pope at age seventeen.

Question 59

describe ecstasy of saint teresa

Answer 59

The space includes a concealed stainedglass

window that bathes the figure of the saint indramatic gold lighting, as if she were on a stage

Question 60

how did Bernini

treated his medium in a new way as well.

Answer 60

He
did not adhere to the classical calm and natural flow
of drapery around the figure that had been used in
the past. Instead, Bernini pushed the use of marble
to new limits and tried to make stone look like real
fabric and even clouds

Question 61

rembrandt van rijn

Answer 61

a Dutch artist,
created some of the best-known works from the Baroque
period. Rembrandt is recognized not only as a
painter and printmaker, but also as one of the greatest
draftsmen ever

Question 62

rembrandt’s best known work

Answer 62

The Night Watch (1642), more properly known as
Sortie of Captain Banning Cocq’s Company of the Civic
Guard

Question 63

break in tradition w/ the night watch

Answer 63

Like many other group portraits of the time,
each member of the company depicted paid a certain
sum to be included in the painting. Rembrandt
chose to break with tradition and grouped the members
of the company in a way that gave more attention
to some members than to others.

Question 64

french ruler during baroque period

Answer 64

louis XIV

Question 65

what did louis xiv do

Answer 65

united
all of France and built a lavish palace at Versailles
beginning in 1669. The palace and its grounds covered
about two hundred acres and included various
grand chateaux and gardens. There was a stable, capable
of housing hundreds of horses, and a grand orangerie,
or greenhouse, for the king’s orange trees. Eventually there was also a zoo and a system of
fountains and waterfalls that included a grand canal
large enough for the staging of mock sea battles.

Question 66

orangerie

Answer 66

greenhouse

Question 67

sun king

Answer 67

ex: louis xiv, around whom the world of the court revolved

Question 68

important feature os louis xiv’s court

Answer 68

to influence art well into the nineteenth century
was the system of choosing and supporting
artists called the Salon. This annual exhibition established
a set of rules for judging art that is still
influential in the art world today. It was also under
the rule of Louis XIV that the Academic Royale de
Peinture et de Sculpture, often referred to simply as
the “Academy,” was established, and it soon came
to be a means for imposing aesthetic standards and
principles of taste.

Question 69

diego valezquez

Answer 69

court painter of king philip IV of spain. method of
building his figures from patches of color, rather
than starting from a drawing, became a model for
many later artists. In fact, Velazquez’s work had an
influence on the movement we call Impressionism

Question 70

rococo vs baroque

Answer 70

Whereas the Baroque aimed
to arouse grand emotions, Rococo works were celebrations
of gaiety, romance, and the frivolity of
the grand life at court, particularly the court at Versailles.The emphasis was on light-hearted decoration
with the use of gold and pastel colors.

Question 71

3 most famous rococo artists

Answer 71

jeane-antoine watteau,
francois boucher,
jean honore fragonard

Question 72

Jean-Antoine Watteau

Answer 72

was the leader of a new generation and the innovator
of a new genre of painting called the fete galante.
Paintings of this genre generally depicted members
of the nobility in elegant contemporary dress enjoying
leisure time in the countryside

Question 73

francois boucher

Answer 73

was influenced by Watteau’s delicate
style. He became the favorite painter of Madame
Pompadour, mistress to Louis XV, and his works
often transformed the characters of classical myth
into scenes of courtly gallantry, with an emphasis on
nubile nudes.

Question 74

jean honore fragonard

Answer 74

was also promoted by Madame Pompadour. Fragonard
studied with Boucher, and his works strongly
reflect Boucher’s influence.

Question 75

art after revolution of 1789

Answer 75

In
an attempt to hearken back to the democratic ideals
of the ancient world, art of this period demonstrated
a revival of interest in the art of classical
Greece and Rome. This style, called Neoclassicism,
emerged in the decades leading up to the Revolution
and was also influenced by Enlightenment philosophy.

Question 76

The Neoclassical style, a direct challenge to

Answer 76

the Rococo and its associations with the aristocracy

Question 77

neoclassicism epitomized in

Answer 77

the work of Jacques Louis David
(1748-1825), whose paintings, such as the Oath of
the Horatii (1784), illustrated republican virtues.

Question 78

what was ironic about jacques louis david

Answer 78

Following the Revolution, David joined members of
the new government as the master of ceremonies for the grand revolutionary mass rallies. Later he
became a dedicated painter to Napoleon Bonaparte,
and in this capacity he painted large propagandistic
canvases that would seem to undermine his earlier
revolutionary ideals.

Question 79

jean dominique ingres

Answer 79

david’s pupil. his work shows the
sharp outlines, unemotional figures, careful geometric
composition, and rational order that are hallmarks
of the Neoclassical style.

Question 80

romanticism

Answer 80

This style hearkened
back to the emotional emphasis of the Baroque
and had similar characteristics, though the subject
matter was different. Whereas Neoclassical works
emphasized line, order, and a cool detachment, Romantic painting tended to be highly imaginative and
was characterized by an emotional and dreamlike
quality-the Romantics favored feeling over reason.

Question 81

Romantic works are also characterized by

Answer 81

incorporation
of exotic or melodramatic elements and
often took awe-inspiring natural wonders as their
subject matter.

Question 82

eugene delacroix

Answer 82

proponent of romanticism. rival of ingres. his work centered
on exotic themes and included foreign settings, violence
involving animals, and historical subject matter.

Question 83

3 important romantic artists

Answer 83

theodore gericault,
william blake,
eugene delacroix

Question 84

realism was a reaction to

Answer 84

neoclassicism and romanticism

Question 85

The Realist style was

inspired by the idea that

Answer 85

painting must illustrate all
the features of its subjects, including the negative
ones. It was also obligated to show the lives of ordinary
people as subjects that were as important as
the historical and religious themes that dominated
the art exhibitions of the day

Question 86

artist who represented the realist movmenet most forcefully

Answer 86

gustave courbet

Question 87

2 other realist artists other than courbet

Answer 87

honore daumier

jean francois millet

Question 88

the stonebreakers

Answer 88

courbet. painting of ordinary workmen repairing
a road at the official government-sponsored Salon. also
had political implications in the context of a wave
of revolutions that spread across Europe beginning
in 1848.

Question 89

describe courbet

Answer 89

a flamboyant and outgoing personality

who outraged conventional audiences

Question 90

Impressionism largely grew out of

Answer 90

dissatisfaction
with the rigid rules that had come to dominate
the Salons held to recognize selected artists
each year.

Question 91

edouard manet

Answer 91

referred to as “first impressionist” but refused to consider himself as an impressionist. his work showed light by juxtaposing
bright, contrasting colors

Question 92

salon des refuses

Answer 92

an exhibit of

works rejected by the “official” Salon

Question 93

manet’s controversial painting

Answer 93

Le Dejeuner
sur L’herbe [Luncheon on the Grass) . its violation of the unwritten rule that
the only appropriate nudes in contemporary art
were classical figures or women in suitably exotic
settings. In Luncheon on the Grass, Manet based his
work on an engraving with a classical subject matter,
but he showed contemporary clothed men with
a nude woman as part of the group.

Question 94

monet’s work

Answer 94

impression, sunrise. the critics
seized on this mere “impression” as a means
by which to ridicule the movement.

Question 95

It was Monet
who urged his fellow artists to work outdoors, and
these endeavors were aided by

Answer 95

technical advances
in paint and brush production that made the medium
more portable

Question 96

how did impressionist artists paint

Answer 96

put their
colors directly on the canvas with rapid strokes to
capture the rapidly changing light

Question 97

Scientific studies

of vision and color led to the discovery that shadows

Answer 97

were not merely gray but that they reflected the

complementary color of the object casting them.

Question 98

2 other impressionists

Answer 98

camille pissarro

alred sisley

Question 99

paul cezanne

Answer 99

Dissatisfied with the lack
of solid form. in Impressionist works, Cezanne set
about redefining art in terms of form. most influential post-impressionist artist

Question 100

cezanne suggested

that a painting could be structured

Answer 100

as a series
of planes with a clear foreground, middle ground,
and background and argued that the objects in the
painting could all be reduced to their simplest underlying
forms-a cube, a sphere, or a cone.

Question 101

__ was a unifying feature for many of the

Post-Impressionists.

Answer 101

The ongoing search for more and more brilliant

color

Question 102

The work of Georges Seurat

(1859-91) placed an emphasis on

Answer 102

the scientific rules

of color.

Question 103

Seurat applied his colors

Answer 103

in small dots of
complementary colors that blended in the eye of the
viewer in what is called optical mixing. The results
were vibrant, though the emphasis on technique
also resulted in static compositions.

Question 104

Van Gogh, using theories of __ and __,

set about ___

Answer 104

contrasting
color and very direct application of paint;

capturing the bright light of southern
France.

Question 105

Van Gogh developed the

idea that

Answer 105

the artist’s colors should not slavishly imitate
the colors of the natural world, but should be
intensified to portray inner human emotions.

Question 106

paul gauguin life story

Answer 106

Though he was a successful stockbroker,
Gauguin left his wife and family while in his
forties to pursue his art career. He worked for a short
time with van Gogh in southern France but was still
dissatisfied with his art. Searching for more intense
color and a more “unschooled” style, he went to Tahiti,
where he painted works that depict the island’s
lush, tropical setting and native people, as seen
through the lens of colonialism.

Question 107

edgar degas

Answer 107

often combined the snapshot
style of photography with a Japanese-like perspective
from slightly above his subject.

Question 108

pre-raphaelites

Answer 108

In England, a group of artists dissatisfied with
the effects of the Industrial Revolution banded together. These artists created a style that attempted to return
to the simpler forms of pre-Renaissance art.
The Pre-Raphaelites created many quasi-religious
works that often blended Romantic, archaic, and
moralistic elements. emphasized nature and sweeping curves

Question 109

pre-rephaealites paved the way for

Answer 109

art nouveau

Question 110

art noveau

Answer 110

became popular in the late nineteenth
and early twentieth centuries, was a style of
decoration, architecture, and design that was characterized
by the depiction of leaves and flowers in
flowing, sinuous lines.

Question 111

henri matisse and similar artists

Answer 111

used colors so intense
that they violated the sensibilities of critics and the
public alike. Taking their cue from van Gogh, these
artists no longer thought their use of color needed
to replicate color as seen in the real world.

Question 112

fauves

Answer 112

“wild beasts.” referred to henri matisse and his group of artists. they wildly used arbitrary color

Question 113

pablo picasso and georges braque

Answer 113

developing a whole new system of art. Picasso
and Braque broke down and analyzed form in new
ways in the style that came to be known as Cubism. Psychologists had explained that human experience
is much richer than can be gathered from a traditional
painting that shows a single view from a fixed
vantage point.

Question 114

picasso and braque had the habit of breaking figures up into

Answer 114

multiple overlapping perspectivees

Question 115

cubists were influence d by

Answer 115

African art, which
they imagined to be more intuitive and closer to
nature than intellectualized European art

Question 116

expressionism

Answer 116

highly charged attempt to

make the inner workings of the mind visible in art

Question 117

die brucke

Answer 117

In Germany, an art developed that emphasized
emotional responses. A group of artists calling
themselves Die Briicke, which included Ernst Ludwig
Kirchner (1880-1938) and Emil Nolde (1867-
1956), took the brilliant arbitrary colors of the Fauvists
and combined them with the intense feelings
found in the work of the Norwegian artist Edvard
Munch

Question 118

Der Blaue Reiter

Answer 118

Another Expressionist
group in Germany. led by the
Russian artist Vasily Kandinsky (1866-1944), who
around 1913 began to paint totally abstract pictures
without any pictorial subject.

Question 119

De Stijl

Answer 119

Dutch artist Piet Mondrian
(1872-1944), whose De Stijl canvases, consisting
of flat fields of primary color, have become a
hallmark of modern art.

Question 120

Other pioneers of total

abstraction were

Answer 120

1. russian painter Kazimir Malevich

2. Dutch artist Piet Mondrian

Question 121

2 reasons responsible for the eventual shift of

the center of the art world from Paris to New York.

Answer 121

1. armory show

2. effects of WWI