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1
Q

The histories of Europe and Africa were intertwined

since

A

the first exploratory contact in the fifteenth

century

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2
Q

leo africanus

A

Between c.1509 and c.1517, the Spaniard Leo Africanus
visited Western Africa more than once, describing
his journeys in A Geographical History of Africa. described a rich, thriving culture

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3
Q

The
greatest number of African slaves exported from the continent
during this period came from __,
where trade relations were most developed.

A

western africa

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4
Q

The colonization of Africa took its fullest

form following

A

the Berlin Conference of 1884-85

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5
Q

It

was at the berlin conference that the major European nations

A

divided Africa into regions allocated for European

control – “scramble for africa”

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6
Q

The Kongo are a Bantu people who speak the

common language of

A

kikongo

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7
Q

Today, Kongo peoples

live in an area spanning

A

the western coast of
Africa, from Pointe-Noire in the Republic of Congo,
south to Luanda in Angola.

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8
Q

Kongo societies were organized into a

number of kingdoms, including (5)

A

the Kongo, Kakongo,

Ngoyo, Loango, and Vungu.

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9
Q

The __ was the dominant Kongolese

group in the region.

A

Kingdom of Kongo

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10
Q

what did the kingdom of kongo trade

A

slaves, ivory, and textiles.

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11
Q

Through its diplomatic
relationship with the __, who arrived in
the __, Kongo became a largely
__ kingdom

A

portuguese
late 15th century
christian

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12
Q

The kongo kingdom reached the
height of its power in the __ and __
centuries and then began to weaken throughout
the __ century

A

16th and 17th;

18th

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13
Q

why’d the kongo kingdom weaken

A

during a period of civil war
when multiple members of the royal family vied for
control of the throne.

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14
Q

late 19th century – which european countries controlled which parts of congo basin?

A

france – northern areas (republic of congo)
portuguese – south (angola)
belgium – central (Democratic Republic of Congo)

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15
Q

the kongo people lived where?

A

congo basin

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16
Q

describe belgian rule of Congo

A

King
Leopold II initiated Belgian rule in the form of the
Congo Free State in 1885. Some of the worst horrors
of colonialism were enacted in Congo during this period, including extreme violence against the native
population and massive environmental exploitation
and degradation in support of the trade in ivory and
rubber. The Belgians also removed much of the art
and cultural production of the country.

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17
Q

beginnign and end of belgian rule

A

begin: 1908, with the
establishment of the Belgian Congo
end: 1960 when Congo was
declared an independent state

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18
Q

Perhaps the most significant spiritual objects

in Kongo culture are the

A

minkisi (singular nkisi).

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19
Q

describe minkisi funcgtion

A

They are composed in order to relieve and
benefit people, and also to make a profit.
They are composed to visit consequences
upon thieves, witches, those who steal by
sorcery, and those who harbor witchcraft
powers. Also to oppress people. These are
the properties of minkisi, to cause sickness
in a man, and also to remove it

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20
Q

minkisi (nkisi)

A

sculptural forms that serve as receptacles to house

spirits

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21
Q

Minkisi are created and maintained by

A

banganga

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22
Q

banganga

A

spiritual leaders in Kongo culture who serve as healers
and mediums to connect this world with that of
the ancestors

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23
Q

what do the kongo peoples believe about the minkisi objects?

A

The Kongo peoples believe that the
sprits of the dead are housed in the minkisi objects
and that these spirits can be called upon to heal disease
and provide protection or to inflict pain and
suffering on an enem

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24
Q

Minkisi generally take the

form of

A

a vessel, such as a gourd, ceramic container,

or wrapped bundle.

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25
Q

minkisi are filled w/

A

wide variety of materials-bilongo or “medicine” -

including animal parts, dirt, and fruit.

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26
Q

nkondi

A

a specific type of minkisi that are particularly

aggressive in nature

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27
Q

nkondi are constructed
in a number of different forms, though the __, such as the example we will examine
here, is most frequently seen

A

human

figure type

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28
Q

Nkondi are typically used in

A

rituals intended to

discover and punish criminals

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29
Q

One calls upon the

nkondi to

A

avenge a wrong

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30
Q

after calling upon the nkondi, the supplicant

A

then affirms this appeal by driving

a metal nail or scrap into the sculpture

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31
Q

the practice of affirming a request to the nkondi by driving a metal piece into the sculpture tells us that

A

The
more bristling with metal fragments a nkondi is, the
more it has been in use and thus the more powerful
its magic.

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32
Q

who holds the Nail Figure?

A

Detroit Institute of Arts (DIA)

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33
Q

the nail figure depicts a variety

of roles in one:

A

-chief, doctor, priest, and judge

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34
Q

the predominance of __ over _ in the Nail figure indicates

its use primarily in __

A

blades over nails;

civil matters

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35
Q

the nkondi is an abstracted representation

of __

A

socially unacceptable behavior, as well as a physical
demonstration of a community’s efforts to right
such wrongs

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36
Q

One of the most significant details of this nkondi

figure is the

A

large swelling at its belly, which has

a large cowrie shell embedded within it

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37
Q

the nkondi’s belly serves as

A

the receptacle for the nkondi’s medicine,

the element that gives it its power

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38
Q

Reliquary objects

A

containers that hold relics of the dead

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39
Q

The bones and other relics of important

relatives were collected b/c

A

they were believed to be imbued
with the powers that those extraordinary
people had during their lives, powers that
could be drawn upon to help the living

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40
Q

a ___ surmounts the reliquary vessel, typically carved in __ but also possibly fashioned in __

A

scculpted head form; wood, metal

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41
Q

reliquary vessels: the heads are not
intended to be __, but rather
are __

A

portraits of the deceased; protectors of the relic materials inside

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42
Q

2 primary functions of reliquaries

A

1) consultation
with the dead, particularly prior to undertaking
any significant event.
2) initiation rituals. With such ceremonies, youth
are brought into full adulthood and introduced to
the ancestors and culture of their community.

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43
Q

reliquary rituals

were intended to elicit

A

commmunication w/ the dead

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44
Q

The Fang people of Gabon live primarily in the

A

rainforests of southern Cameroon and northern Gabon

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45
Q

the fang of gabon are one of twenty clans that make up the

__ ethnic group

A

Beti-Pahuin

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46
Q

In terms of artistic production, the Fang are particularly

known for their

A

reliquary statuary

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47
Q

Bieri

A

Fang people’s ancestor cult

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48
Q

the great bieri is the [ MOST ] what ??

A

largest known Fang head of its kind

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49
Q

described materials used in the great bieri

A

It

is carved in wood polished liberally with palm oil.

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50
Q

what has the palm oil done for the great bieri?

A

The oil has not only preserved the sculpture, it has

given it the rich, black, burnished surface we see today.

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51
Q

what color is the wood used in the great bieri?

A

red brown

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52
Q

ekuma

A

a wig-like headdress worn by Fang warriors in

the nineteenth century

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53
Q

great bieri – the long, cylindrical neck would have originally connected the head
to

A

a bark box containing the skulls of at least nine

generations of the family lineage

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54
Q

nsek-bieri

A

portable
ancestral shrine containing the skulls of at least nine
generations of the family lineage

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55
Q

a nsek-bieri allowed the fang to

A

retain and protect their ancestors during

the clan’s primarily migratory period

56
Q

trace the ownership of the great bieri

A
  1. Chilean poet Vicente Huidobro
  2. French art dealer Paul Guillaume
  3. British sculptor Jacob Epstein
  4. Robert Goldwater purchased for Museum of Primitive Art in New York
  5. transferred to Metropolitan Museum
    of Art
57
Q

Almost
all African societies use __, making it a major
unifying force across the continent

A

masks

58
Q

In its most basic form, a mask is

A

an object to cover

the head or face

59
Q

masks
also present a great deal of variety and creativity
within these established norms. They tend to emphasize

A

simplification, distortion and exaggeration

in their detail

60
Q

masks are meant to __, rather than a __ rendering

A

capture the spirit

of a character,; naturalistic

61
Q

It is possible that masking activity began with

A

the use of animal skins and heads, “first to embody,
and then to deceive, sought-after prey and/or to placate
their spirits

62
Q

about masks – Many of these african myths offer the idea that

A

women were the first to know the secrets of masks
and to perform masquerade. This power was later
taken from women, and today most masquerade is
performed by men.

63
Q

Masquerade is performed for a variety of reasons,
though in general this activity is consistent with the
nkondi and reliquary examples previously discussed
in that the goal is to

A

build bridges between the world

of the living and the world of the spirits.

64
Q

how does masquerade connect the living and spiritual realms?

A

materialize spirits by impersonating them
so that these spirits may act upon the human realm
and, equally, so that people may respond to-thank,
placate, entertain-the forces upon which life depends

65
Q

The Chokwe were originally one of the clans of

the

A

lunda empire

66
Q

The Chokwe nation was established

in Angola at the end of the

A

16th century

67
Q

who established the chokwe nation

A

a disinherited son of a Lunda king (although
it remained under the control of the Lunda until
the end of nineteenth century)

68
Q

Politically, the Chokwe are organized into

A

small,

decentralized, relatively autonomous chiefdoms

69
Q

__ is very important in Chokwe

society, with __ organized into __

A

hunters, hunters;
a professional
hunting society that is supported by significant
aspects of Chokwe religious practice

70
Q

what type of society is the chokwe

A

matrilineal

71
Q

Pwo

A

a mask category that celebrates founding female

ancestors of the Chokwe culture

72
Q

Indeed, Pwo “is said to

A

reincarnate the
feminine ancestors of the Chokwe and to encourage
fertility.”

73
Q

Pwo is typically performed with

A

Cihongo,

her male counterpart who represents wealth.

74
Q

the pwo + cihongo’s performance does what?

A

brings fecundity and

prosperity to the community

75
Q

Perhaps the most interesting aspect of the pwo mask is __, which suggests __

A

is the linear detail inscribed across its surface. Such
detail typically indicates tattoo or scarification decorations
of the face

76
Q

pwo mask – The markings on

the cheeks are understood to suggest

A

tears falling
down the mask’s face-a detail that relates to one of
Pwo’s key ritual functions.

77
Q

pwo mask – The pattern on the forehead has

been described as

A

a cosmogram

78
Q

Much Chokwe masquerade relates to

A

initiation
rituals-celebrations that mark the transition from
childhood to adulthood.

79
Q

why is the tear motif present on the pwo mask?

A

intiation rituals –> marks the dissolution of the bonds of intimacy between
mothers and their sons. The pride and sorrow
that event represents for Chokwe women is alluded
to by the tear motif

80
Q

The figure of the king is centrally important in
most African cultural groups.
The king serves a
variety of roles,

A

frequently acting not only as the
political leader, but also as the supreme spiritual
figure. In fact, the king is often understood to be divine.

81
Q

images

and objects related to the king often emphasize his

A

head and hand

82
Q

2 common images connected w/ king

A

elephant and leopard

83
Q

why’s the leopard treated as the main symbol of chieftainship?

A

it embodies qualities such as courage,
strength, ferocity and cunning which are considered
appropriate for chiefs

84
Q

why is common animal

image connected to the king is the elephant?

A

the elephant head implies a reference to extraordinary
powers ( deriving from the colossal might of
the animal), as befits a king

85
Q

why do images epmahsize the king’s head and hand?

A

the hand, in a ritual
context, signifies a man’s power to do things, i.e.,
his own ability to achieve success in material and
practical things,” while the head is a symbol of good
fortune

86
Q

Kingship in Africa is marked by

A

the use of specific

material objects

87
Q

Particular precious materials may

be associated with the king, such as

A

gold and ivory

or specific types of beads.

88
Q

the first
objects from Black Africa to reach European collections
were

A

ivories brought from West Africa to

Portugal in the last years of the fifteenth century

89
Q

define Ivory

A

a hard, white material harvested from the

teeth and tusks of animals

90
Q

what did the portuguese nickname ivory

A

“white gold”

91
Q

Today the Yombe live in

A

the northwestern tip of
the Democratic Republic of the Congo and in the
Republic of the Congo

92
Q

the yombe cultural group is am amalgamation of

A

various clans who migrated to the

region from 15th - 17th centuries

93
Q

Today the Yombe are organized into

__ major clans

A

nine

94
Q

yombe – clan chiefs are elected by the clan in recognition

of

A

their social status and wealth as well as their

oratory skills

95
Q

yombe – role of clan chiefs

A

Clan chiefs wield primary religious
power and also act as the highest judges within the
community

96
Q

describe Finial of a Royal Scepter:

A

It is an ornamental flourish decorating the end
of a staff that would have been held by the Yombe
king

97
Q

The finial depicts

a figure – describe

A

seated with crossed legs. In one hand
he holds a horn or short scepter, and in the other an
object which he raises to his mouth. probably the king

98
Q

how does the finial depict a key aspect of

Yombe spiritual practice?

A

In order to connect with the spirit world,
the· king would chew on a hallucinogenic root in ritual.
the top portion is hollowed out and would have served
as a receptacle for the plant consumed by the chief.

99
Q

The peoples of the Cameroon Grasslands include

three smaller subgroups

A

Bamilike, Barnum,

and Bamenda Tikar

100
Q

ppls of cameroon grasslands all arrived from the __ during

the period of the Bantu migration

A

north

101
Q

according to cameroon grasslands ppl, The

spirits of ancestors are held in

A

the preserved
skulls of the deceased, which are venerated and
maintained over time.

102
Q

The Cameroon Grasslands
people rely primarily on __ (2),
with __ functioning as a relatively peripheral
activity

A

farming and animal husbandry;

hunting

103
Q

Traditionally, each Cameroon Grasslands village

A

paid allegiance to a single chief, known as the

Fon

104
Q

As the spiritual

leader, the Fon served as

A

the main performer in ceremonies
and rituals. He also oversaw the group’s secret
societies.

105
Q

how was the Fon selected

A

He was typically the head of one of the
dominant families in the village and was selected by
his predecessor, in consultation with a. council of elders.

106
Q

quote about the Fon

A

The Fon was “the sacred representative of the
founding dynasty of his kingdom, the traditional
political leader of his people, and the ideal embodiment
of traditions and values.’

107
Q

__ was a central

illustration of the Fan’s status

A

palace architecture

108
Q

summaarize european control of cameroon

A
  1. germans in 1902
  2. british ruled Western
    Cameroon under the League of Nations after
    World War I
  3. After World War II, the region became
    a United Nations Trust Territory (still under the
    administration of the British)
  4. in 1961,
    it joined with independent Republic of Cameroon
    (formerly French-administered Eastern Cameroon)
    to become the Federal Republic of Cameroon
109
Q

While contemporary palaces, such as
the example we will study in depth here, are constructed
in very different ways, using modern materials
and often representing westernized styles,
traditional palaces

A

were built as a grouping of raffia

pole buildings.

110
Q

historically, cameroon palaces had a clearly marked

A

entrance

building with a large, public audience hall.

111
Q

movement through cameroon palaces was very controlled –

A

only high ranking individuals were allowed further

into the building and past the main hall space.

112
Q

Deep in its interior the cameroon palace contained a

A

royal grave shrine, dedicated to the king’s ancestral

line

113
Q

__ was charged with the day to day running of

the palace

A

The queen mother, or the Fon’s first or favorite

wife

114
Q

The cameroon palace would have been bordered

by

A

a large open square, where the king’s subjects

would gather for markets and religious gatherings.

115
Q

Many of the traditional palaces fell into disrepair

over time. why?

A

Made from highly flammable materials,

they often caught fire and burned to the ground.

116
Q

Most contemporary palaces have succumbed

to the pragmatic benefits of

A

mud

brick and metal room constructions.

117
Q

The Royal Palace of Foumban is located in

A

in the

capital city of Bafoussam in the Republic of Carneroon.

118
Q

Royal Palace of Foumban: Today, the palace is the home of

A

the nineteenth
ruler of the Bamun dynasty, a king whose line extends
back to the fourteenth century.

119
Q

The original Bamun palace complex

was destroyed when?

A

end of 1910

120
Q

Royal Palace of Foumban: the original building had an __ plan

A

irregular trapezoid ground plan

121
Q

Royal Palace of Foumban: the original building was made up of a series of __, the basic unit of which was ___

A 
domed, thatched
roof structures,; 
a square
room with a domed roof and walls plastered with
clay
122
Q

Royal Palace of Foumban: the original building housed __ people

A

3,000
people, including the king’s 1,200 wives and 350
children.

123
Q

Royal Palace of Foumban: the current building looks a bit like

A

a medieval

chateau with vaguely Islamic flourishes

124
Q

We will consider Western Africa to include present-day

A

Senegal, Guinea, Cote D’Ivoire, Ghana, Togo,

Benin, Nigeria, and Cameroon

125
Q

In terms of its geography,

western africa geography region is characterized primarily by

A

low plains

126
Q

western africa is bordered by ___, while the northern region is a ___

A

the Atlantic Ocean to
the west and south,
semi-arid transitional zone to the Sahara Desert

127
Q

The peoples of Western Africa, unlike the other areas

we have studied, are not

A

predominantly Bantu-speaking

128
Q

3 cultures in western africa

A

asante, ife, kingdom of benin

129
Q

Several
Western African communities fought valiantly to
maintain their independence in the face of European
incursions, but in the end, all but __ would fall

A

Liberia (with its

strong historical ties to the United States)

130
Q

Much of our understanding of Nok culture is necessarily

speculative b/c

A

As with several of the ancient
societies we have already examined, the Nok left no
written or oral histories

131
Q

While __ and __
maintained minor strongholds in West Africa, it was
__, and to a lesser degree __, that dominated
the region during the colonial era.

A

While Portugal and Germany
maintained minor strongholds in West Africa, it was
France, and to a lesser degree England, that dominated
the region during the colonial era.

132
Q

The initial discovery of significant Nok sites occurred
in the 1880s, during the advent of __ in __. For many years prior, British employees of
the __ had been purchasing __ at __

A

The initial discovery of significant Nok sites occurred
in the 1880s, during the advent of major tin
mining operations in the lowlands south of the Jos
plateau.

For many years prior, British employees of
the Royal Niger Company had been purchasing ingots
of tin at various trading centers in the Benue
Valley.

133
Q

The first intact nok sculpture was discovered in
__ byC__. Young
found a small __ head

A

The first intact sculpture was discovered in
1928 byColonelJ. Dent Young, co-owner of one of the
mining partnerships established in the area. Young
found a small terracotta head

134
Q

Fagg was central in establishing an
“__” in the area, set aside by the
L__ in 1947. In 1952, he established
a __ in __ focused on __

A

He was central in establishing an
“archeological reserve” in the area, set aside by the
Lieutenant-Governor’s office in 1947. In 1952, he established
a national museum in Jos focused on Nok
material

135
Q

the __
appears to be the cradle of the first important tradition
of figurative sculpture of sub-Saharan Africa

A

the Republic of Nigeria
appears to be the cradle of the first important tradition
of figurative sculpture of sub-Saharan Africa

136
Q

Nok terracotta figurative statuary was created between

approximately __

A

1000 BCE and 1000 CE

137
Q

nok terracotta works are generaly __, except for __

A

generally hollow,

except for some miniature pendant examples.

sty (8 decks)

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