3 Flashcards
armory show
responsible for the eventual shift of
the center of the art world from Paris to New York.
harlem renaissance imspired (2)
- jacob lawrence
2. romare bearden
dada
post-wwi. originated
among a group of disaffected intellectuals living in
Zurich and grew out of the angst of artists who were
disillusioned with the war. Dada was an art that
aimed to protest against everything in society and
to lampoon and ridicule accepted values and norms.
Duchamp, in fact, invented a new category of artworks
that he referred to as
ready mades
ready-mades. what were they
By taking
an ordinary object and giving it a new context,
Duchamp would create a work of art. In this way,
Duchamp challenged traditional ideas about the
way the artist functions-rather than physically
making a work of art, an object became a work of
art merely through the artist’s choice.
bull’s head
in a famous work Picasso took
an ordinary object-bicycle handlebars-and made
them appear as bull horns when coupled with a bicycle
seat
surrealists
Some artists, influenced by the theories of Sigmund
Freud, attempted to portray the inner workings
of the mind in their artworks. This group of artists
became known as the Surrealists and included
artists such as Salvador Dali, Rene Magritte, and Joan Miro .
One of the most influential events in the history of
art took place in Germany
btwn WWI and WWII. bauhaus was established
bauhaus
school of design. established standards for architecture
and design that would have a profound influence on
the world of art. The Bauhaus made a bold attempt
to reconcile industrial mass-manufacture with aesthetic
form
bauhaus view
form should follow function and should be true to the materials used
josef albers
bauhaus faculty. came to US after nazis closed down the school.
During the 1950s the art scene in New York was
dominated by
the ideas and writings of critics such
as Harold Rosenberg and Clement Greenberg
greenberg was an advocate for
abstraction
Abstract Expressionism
Beginning in the 1940s, Abstract Expressionist
artists followed Kandinsky’s dictum that art, like
music, could be free from the limitations of pictorial
subject matter. These artists aimed at the direct
presentation of feeling with an emphasis on dramatic
colors and sweeping brushstrokes.
abstract expressionism reached its pinnacle with the work of
jackson pollock
Abstract Expressionist works tended to fall into
two types:
action painting and color field paintings
action painting
employed dramatic
brushstrokes or Pollock’s innovative dripping
technique
color field paintings
featured
broad areas of color and simple, often geometric
forms.
two wellknown
color field artists.
mark rothko and josef albers
jasper johns
created a series of works that
featured common things such as flags, numbers,
maps, and letters.
Robert Rauschenberg
created sculptures from the cast-off objects
he found around him to create what he called “combines.”
pop art
1960s. incorporation of images
of mass culture, violated the traditional unspoken
rules regarding what was appropriate subject
matter for art.
andy warhol
icon of pop art. His soup cans, Brillo boxes,
and images of movie stars were created with a factory-like
silkscreen approach that he used to mock
the art world.
roy lichtenstein
adopted the imagery of comic books and
recreated them on such a large scale that the pattern
of dots used to print them was made massive
robert indiana
used stencils that had been
originally used to produce commercial signs to create
his own artistic messages.
minimalism
sought to reduce art to its barest
essentials, emphasizing simplification of form and
often featuring monochromatic palettes
hard edge painting
invention of acrylic paint and the airbrush enabled Minimalist
painters to achieve very precise outlines,
which resulted in the term “hard-edge painting.”
frank stella
The artist who is best known for these large, entirely
non-objective paintings
david smith medium
stainless tell
dan flavin medium
neon tubing
photorealism
a hyper-real quality results from the
depiction of the subject matter in sharp focus, as in
a photograph
2 photorealist artists
chuck close, duane hanson
One intriguing development in the contemporary
art world since the 1970s
art is no longer
limited to gallery or museum spaces, and many important
works of art are departures from traditional
formats.
christo and jeanne-claude
earthworks. Beginning
in Europe, Christo startled the world with the
idea that landscape or architecture is something that
can be packaged. He wrapped several well-known
monuments in fabric, built a twenty-four-mile-long
cloth fence in California, surrounded eleven Florida
islands with pink plastic, and set up orange fabric
gates on pathways throughout Central Park.
postmodernism
takes many forms across a variety of media. Postmodern works
tend to reintroduce traditional elements or to exaggerate
modernist techniques by using them to the
extreme. Postmodern works often return to earlier
styles, periods, and references and often question
the mores and beliefs of contemporary society.
phillip johnson
leading propoent of postmodernism. at one time
was known as one of the leading modern architects
of the International Style. suggested the radical
idea that one of the functions of art was decoration,
and with the AT&T (now Sony) Building (1984), he
added a finial to the top of the standard office tower.
emperor of qin
first emperor to unite the kingdom. He had a
full army of soldiers and their equipment, including
their horses, created life-size in clay and buried as
part of his tomb.
which medium was popular during tang dynasty
ceramic
what
often astonishes people unfamiliar with the art of
India is
the influence of greek art on the classical images of buddha
japanese artistic traditions favor (2)
isometric perspective and flat areas of color
japanese artists are best known in the western world for
printmaking
Oceania is the collective name for the thousands
of islands that constitute
Polynesia, Melanesia,
and Micronesia
asmat
melanesian. most important artistic traiditons related to warfare. they traiditonally engaged in head hunting practices. Enormous
carved wooden shields decorated with beautiful
black, red, and white abstract patterns were traditionally
used for protection in raids among groups
throughout the area; today these shields are seen as
cultural symbols, but they no longer serve the same
function in war.
maori
of New Zealand seek cultural renewal by reviving
old traditions in a new context.
Following the Koran’s scriptures,
Islamic art is
largely non figurative
mosque
features qibla wall facing toward mecca; site for communal prayer
best known pyramid in the ancient americas
pyramid of the sun in mexico
the
majority of artifacts from ancient american cultures are only
from the last
2000 years
During the later
centuries of the prehistoric period, the Native
Americans of the Southwest demonstrated remarkable
architectural skills in
the building of pueblo
complexes.
6 formal qualities of art
line, shape, form, space, color, and texture
most basic of art elements
line
The strict definition
of a line is
path of pt moving thru space
Horizontal and vertical lines create
stable and static feeling
Horizontal lines, such as the line
of the horizon, suggest a feeling of
peace and tranquility
shape vs form
shape 2d, form 3d
organic shapes/forms
living things
tend to be freeform and irregular in shape or form..tend to express movement and rhythm.
A geometric shape or form can convey a sense
order and stability
space
an element of art related to the organization
of objects and the areas around them.
positive space
The objects,
shapes, or forms in an artwork occupy what
is termed positive space. also called ‘figure’
In three-dimensional forms, negative
space
may surround the forms or may be created
as a result of open spaces within the forms.
whats negative space
the area around the positive space
2 primary types of sculpture
freestanding,
or fully in the round, and relief, meaning that
the sculpture projects from a surface or background
of which it is a part
aerial/atmospheric perspective
a technique that takes into account the
ways that fog, smoke, and airborne particles change
the appearance of things when they are viewed
from a distance
when an aritst uses aerial perspective,
objects that are farther away will appear lighter and
more neutral in color and will lack contrast of color
or value.
linear perspective
this
perspective is founded on the visual phenomenon
that as lines recede into the distance, they appear
to converge and eventually vanish at a point on the
horizon.
Hue
simply the name of a color
3 primary colors
red blue yellow
tertiary colors
made by
combining a primary and an adjacent secondary color. there are six of them
Two important variables affecting color are
the
amount of light that is reflected and the purity of
the color.
value
lightness or darkness of a color or of
gray.
neutrals
black and white. they are not hues
intensity
refers to the brightness or purity of a
color. The unmixed primary colors, being pure in
color, are generally considered to be the most intense
colors.
Adding black or gray to a color will
reduce its intensity
Adding a color to its complement
lowers the intensity of the color, making it more dull
or neutral in tone
local color
refers to the “true” color of an object or area as
seen in normal daylight, irrespective of the effects
of distance or reflections from other objects.
optical color
refers
to the effect that special lighting has on the color of
objects.
arbitrary color
Artists who use arbitrary color choose colors for
their emotional or aesthetic impact.
composition
refers to the artist’s organization
of the elements of art
rhythm
the principle that we associate with
movement or pattern. Artists create a sense of
movement or rhythm in their artwork through
the repetition of elements such as line, shape, color,
and texture. The artist
directs the movement of our eye through the use of
repeated elements.
2 aspects of repetition
motif and pattern
motif
single element of a pattern
pattern
involves the
repetition of certain elements-color or line-or
motifs within a work of art
balance
equal distribution of visual
weight in a work of art.
proportion
refers to the size relationships
among the parts of a composition
scale
the dimensional relation of the parts of a work to
the work in its entirety, and can refer to the overall
size of an artwork. also refers to the relative size of elements
within the artwork.
arguably the most basic of art processes
drawing
Drawing is primarily based on the use of
lind
Charcoal is so soft that
the color of the paper
used will show through in places where the strokes
are applied lightly.
hard vs light pencils
hard - light, thin lines
soft - thicker lines that may vary from light to dark
shading is used to
change values
The major drawback of pastels is that
theyre very fragile. pastel drawings must be cared for gently; theyre sprayed with fixatives to prevent smearing
four principal printmaking processes
relief prints, intaglio prints, lithographs, screen prints
all printmaking processes use
some sort of printing plate
(a “matrix”) on which an image is created. Ink is applied
to the plate, and the image is transferred to paper
or another material.
relief printmaking
the artist cuts away parts
from the surface of the plate
2 intaglio processes
engraving and etching
etching
the design is incised through a layer of wax or varnish
applied to the surface of a metal plate
intaglio
works in the opposite
manner from relief printmaking. In the intaglio
process, lines are incised on the wood or soft metal
plate. later immerses plate in acid
lithography
the image is
drawn with a waxy pencil or crayon directly on a plate
screen prints are used to print most
t shirts
silk screening process
a photograph or other image
is transferred or adhered to a silk or synthetic fabric
that has been stretched onto a frame. The image
serves as a sort of stencil, blocking out areas of the
permeable fabric.
paint is usually composed of 3 diff materials
pigments, binders, solvents
pigments
finely ground materials that may be
natural or synthetic. N
binder
holds the grains of pigment together and allows the
paint to adhere to a surface. Egg yolks, linseed oil,
and wax can all be used as binders
solvent
such as water or oil can be added to
change the consistency of the paint or alter its drying
time
The fresco technique is
usually used to paint on
walls/ceilings
In creating
a buon “true” fresco
the artist mixes pure powdered pigments
with water and applies them to a wet plaster ground.
The paint is permanently bound in the plaster, so
the artist must plan carefully because he or she will
not be able to make changes after the fact
fresco secco
artist will apply paints to dry rather than wet plaster
diego rivera
famous mexican muralist of the early 20th century. used fresco secco
tempera
water-based paint; uses egg as a binder
limitations to tempera painting
colors dry quickly, and so they
cannot be blended once they are applied to a surface.
Tempera also has a narrow tonal range-colors
are either light or dark-and it cannot achieve
the close imitation of natural effects that oil paints
can
advantage of tempera
many ancient tempera paintings still retain their clear and brilliant colors
oil paints are more __ than tempera
versatile
oil paints can be __ and __
easily mixed; thinned to build up layers of delicate glazes
glazes
thin transparent or semi-transparent layers that
are applied over another color to alter it slightly.
impasto
Oils can be applied thickly or in heavy lumps to
make an impasto surface.
describe encaustic process
colored molten wax is fused with the surface
via the application of hot irons. very durable
gouache
a water-based opaque paint that
is similar to school-quality tempera, but of higher
quality. Gouache has more body and dries more
slowly than watercolor
advantages of gouache
good medium for creating
bright colors and meticulous details and is often
used for design and fine artwork
watercolor
most common water based paint. theyre transparent. watercolor isn’t forgiving of mistakes
in water color painting, how is stuff done
lightest colors applied first. work from background to foreground. broad to detailed areas
acrylic paint
recent development. Made from synthetic materials, plastics, and polymers,
acrylics were developed after World War II
adv of acrylic paint
very versatile. They do not require the
slow, careful building up of successive layers with
long drying periods in between as do oils. alternative for artists who are allergic to oil paint and turpentine
disadv of acrylic paint
unable to achieve some of the subtleties
of which oil paints are capable
Sculpture is created in four basic ways:
carving,
modeling, casting, and construction
modeling
additive process. A soft, workable
material like clay, wax, plaster, or papier-mache is
formed by hand. Amounts of these materials can be
added to the surface, and the surface can be shaped
and decorated by hand or with simple tools
cast form
Sometimes an unfired clay or wax sculpture can
become the basis for a cast form. In this process,
the original form is encased in plaster. When the
plaster hardens, it is removed from the original
form and retained for use as a mold. The mold can
then be filled
alexander calder
created mobiles with forms suspended by wire
which can be moved by wind or air currents.
Often, an essential part of the work of environmental
artists is
the process of collaborating with the
community and governmental agencies to gain approval
for their proposed works
The artist Robert Rauschenberg (1925-2008) is
well known for
his mixed media pieces that combine
silkscreen images with paint.
joseph cornell
twentieth-century artist
who filled open boxes with a variety of objects that
visually created symbolic and metaphoric statements.
Since performances cannot be sold as
objects, this art form has also been viewed by many
as
an escape from the increasing commercialization
of art
Pottery is a medium based upon
the use of natural materials
slip
liquid clay
Using the potter’s wheel,
the potter forms the basic
shapes of the pot by manipulating the ball of clay as
it turns on the wheel.
Once the clay form has air-dried,
the kiln, a specialized
oven, is loaded and fired.
what happens in the kiln
a
chemical change takes place. The pots harden permanently. pots may be fired again after glazes and clay are added
glazes
when melted, form a glassy, waterproof surface on
the pots that is both decorative and useful.
glass was first made
in the Middle East in the third millennium
BCE.
glass is most often made of
silica, which is
derived from sand, flint, or quartz, combined with
other raw materials.
post and lintel construction technique
a long.stone or wooden beam is placed horizontally
across upright posts. The famous Greek
Parthenon is an example of post-and-lintel construction.
In the medieval period, a skeletal building style
developed that
alternated between strong buttresses
and thin walls with stained-glass windows, which
admitted more light and color into the building
flying buttresses
external arches that counterbalanced the outward
thrust of the high, vaulted ceilings
antonio gaudi
created ingenious
buildings of cut stone in Spain in the late 1800s and
early 1900s. Without any flat surfaces or straight
lines, Gaudi’s buildings are very organic in appearance.
__ annd __ have become the favored materials
for large public, commercial, and multi-family
housing
steel and conrete
__ and __ continue to be
commonly used for residential homes.
wood and brick
