species interactions & community structure (exam4)

Question 1

Top-down hypothesis

Answer 1

Environments change in response to the organisms at the top of the food chain

Question 2

Bottom-up hypothesis

Answer 2

Environments change in response to organisms at the bottom of the food chain

Question 3

Commensalism

Answer 3

(+/0)

Question 4

Competition

Answer 4

(-/-)

Question 5

fundamental niche

Answer 5

total theoretical range a species can occupy

Question 6

realized niche

Answer 6

the portion of the fundamental niche that a species actually occupies (given limiting factors)

Question 7

competition hypothesis

Answer 7

the presence of a strong predator overrides the presence of a weak competitor

Question 8

nice differentiation

Answer 8

The niches of two species that overlap can move away from each other over time. There is strong natural selection to avoid competition.

Question 9

consumption

Answer 9

(+/-)
when one organism eats another
predation/herbivory/parasitism

Question 10

batesian mimics

Answer 10

looks dangerous, not dangerous

Question 11

mullerian mimics

Answer 11

look dangerous, are dangerous

Question 12

mutualism

Answer 12

(+,+)

Question 13

species evenness

Answer 13

are the number of individuals of each species in a community similar?

Question 14

species richness

Answer 14

how many species are in a community?

Question 15

species diversity

Answer 15

accounts for richness + evenness

Question 16

keystone species

Answer 16

some species have a larger impact relative to the other species in the community

Question 17

climax community

Answer 17

the optimal disribution of species that occurs over and over

Question 18

Individualistic successional theory

Answer 18

the theory that communities are made of organisms that share similar abiotic needs

Question 19

GPP (gross primary production)

Answer 19

the total amount of chemical energy produced in a given area and time period

Question 20

NPP (net primary productivity)

Answer 20

represents the total amount of chemical energy that is stored in organic material or biomass

Question 21

NPP=GPP-R

Answer 21

-R: energy used in cellular respiration or lost
-GPP: chemical energy produced
-NPP: chemical energy stored in biomass

Question 22

Primary succession

Answer 22

soil and organisms are removed

Question 23

Secondary succession

Answer 23

organisms are removed but soil stays

Question 24

What terrestrial biome is the most productive?

Answer 24

tropical forests