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Ecology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Intact fossil

A

forms when decomposition does not occur and the organic remains are preserved and intact

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2
Q

Compression fossil

A

forms when sediments accumulate on top of the organism and become cemented into the rock

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3
Q

What must occur for fossil creation?

A

organisms must die in an environment where they are buried rapidly and decompose slowly

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4
Q

Habitat bias

A

Organisms that live in areas where sediments are actively being deposited are much more likely to form fossils. Burrowing organisms are already underground at death and are therefore much more likely to fossilize.

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5
Q

Taxonomic + tissue bias

A

Organisms with hard parts are most likely to leave fossil evidence. Similarly, some tissues fossilize more readily

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6
Q

Temporal bias

A

Recent fossils are much more common than ancient fossils.

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7
Q

Abundance bias

A

The fossil is weighted toward common species.

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8
Q

Precambrian

A

Interval between the formation of Earth (4.6bya) and the appearance of most animal group (541mya)

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9
Q

Phanerozoic era

A

The interval between (541mya) and today

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10
Q

Paleozoic

A

-appearance of most major animal lineages + ends with the obliteration of almost all multicellular life
-initial diversification of animals, land plants, + fungi
-appearance of land animals

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11
Q

Mesozoic

A

-begins with extinction + ends with extinction of the dinosaurs (except birds)
-gymnosperms were dominant on land
-dinosaurs were dominant vertebrates

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12
Q

Cenozoic

A

-flowering plants dominate land
-birds and mammals dominate vertebrates

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13
Q

What is the order of the 3 phases of the phanerozoic era?

A

Paleozoic –> Mesozoic –> Cenozoic

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14
Q

Adaptive radiation

A

when a single lineage rapidly develops many different lineages with different adaptations for different niches

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15
Q

The Cambrian Explosion

A

a massive explosion of life that included soft-bodied animals diversifying to include hard-bodied animals

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16
Q

What are two of the main theories surrounding the Cambrian explosion?

A

-an increase in O2 in the Earth’s atmosphere
-Hox genes allowed the rapid development and inheritance of many genes that code for complex traits

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17
Q

Mass extinctions

A

result from extraordinary, sudden, & temporary changes in the environment.

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18
Q

Background extinctions

A

occur when normal environmental change, emerging disease, predation pressure, or competition reduces certain populations to zero.

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19
Q

Cast fossil

A

forms when a buried organism decomposes, leaving an empty cavity in the sediments that fills with dissolved minerals and hardens into an accurate cast of the remains (ie. shells)

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20
Q

Permineralized fossil

A

forms when organisms decompose extremely slowly. dissolved minerals gradually infiltrate the interior of the cells and harden into stone (ie. petrified wood)

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21
Q

Trace fossil

A

forms when sedimentation and mineralization preserve indirect evidence of an organism in an environment (ie.footprints, burrows, feeding marks, feces)

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22
Q

What are the two prokaryotic domains?

A

bacteria + archaea

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23
Q

Who proposed the 3 domain tree of life?(current theory)

A

Woese

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24
Q

Bacteria has ____ type(s) of RNA polymerase, which consists of ___ subunits.

A

1, 5

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25
Q

Archaea has ____ types(s) of RNA polymerase, which consists of ____ subunits. It is similar to ______ in _______.

A

1, 13
-RNA polymerase II, eukaryotes

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26
Q

Do bacteria have peptidoglycan in their cell walls?

A

yes

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27
Q

Do archaea have peptidoglycan in their cell walls?

A

no

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28
Q

Do bacteria have histones associated with their DNA?

A

no

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29
Q

Do archaea have histones associated with their DNA?

A

yes

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30
Q

Histones

A

proteins that help keep DNA untangled

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31
Q

Lateral gene transfer

A

the transmition of genetic material not by inheritance

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32
Q

Prokaryotes are the ____ and most ____ lifeform on Earth.

A

oldest, abundant

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33
Q

Prokaryotes are found ____ with _____.

A

everywhere, biological life

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34
Q

The first prokaryote was in domain ____.

A

archaea

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35
Q

Was the first prokaryote aerobic or anaerobic?

A

anaerobic, there was no abundant atmospheric oxygen on early Earth

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36
Q

_____ are organisms that live in extreme environments.

A

extremophile

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37
Q

The first life on Earth would have been an ______ and ______, in domain ______.

A

extremophile, prokaryote, archaea

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38
Q

What is so important about the prokaryote ‘Thermus aquaticus’?

A

the DNA polymerase that is produced by this bacteria is used to amplify DNA over and over, very rapidly. (ie. pcr, paternity tests, forensics)

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39
Q

DNA polymerase

A

an enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of DNA molecules

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40
Q

Bacteria that cause illness are called _____.

A

pathogens

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41
Q

Families of harmful bacteria are derived from ____ lineage(s).

A

different

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42
Q

The ability to cause disease is _____.

A

virulence

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43
Q

In virulence genes: one gene is a ____ ____ - it binds to ____ and inhibits ____ ____, killing the host cells.

A

-protein toxin
-ribosomes
-protein synthesis

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44
Q

Some pathogenic _____ produce resistant ______- tough, thick-walled, dormant structures formed during times of _____ stress.

A

-bacteria
-endospores
-environmental

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45
Q

Endospores store _____.

A

key genetic information (ie. DNA, RNA, enzymes)

46
Q

Describe DNA transfer by transformation

A
  1. dead cell releases DNA into the environment
  2. donor DNA taken up by host
  3. new DNA incorporated into host DNA through recombination
47
Q

Describe DNA transfer by transduction

A
  1. bacteriophage infects host (donor), which produces phages with a combination of both viral and bacterial DNA
  2. dead cell releases bacteriophages into the environment
  3. virus infects donor DNA into host
48
Q

Describe DNA transfer by plasmid transfer, conjugation

A
  1. bacterial cells make contact
  2. copy of a plasmid from one cell is transferred via a conjugation tube
49
Q

Describe DNA transfer by recombination, conjugation

A
  1. portion of main chromosome is copied and transferred through conjugation tube to recipient cell
  2. transferred portion recombines with chromosome in recipient cell
50
Q

The first forms of photosynthesis didn’t release ____. Instead they used ______ as an electron donor.

A

-O2
-Hydrogen sulfide

51
Q

bacillus

A

rod shaped bacteria

52
Q

cocci

A

sphere shape bacteria

53
Q

spirilla

A

spiral shaped bacteria

54
Q

Bacteria have a unique compound called ____ in their ____.

A

-peptidoglycan
-cell walls

55
Q

Gram-positive bacteria stain ____.

A

purple

56
Q

Gram-negative bacteria stain ____.

A

pink

57
Q

What part of the bacteria stains in a gram stain?

A

the peptidoglycan

58
Q

Why are gram-negative bacteria harder to kill with antibiotics?

A

They have two cell membranes

59
Q

Where do phototrophs get their energy?

A

sunlight

60
Q

Where do chemoorganotrophs get their energy?

A

organic molecules

61
Q

Where do chemolithotrophs get their energy?

A

inorganic molecules

62
Q

Fermentation is ____ effective that cellular respiration. And ____ evolve the ETC.

A

-less
-doesn’t

63
Q

The only lineage of photosynthetic bacteria that produces O2 is _____.

A

cyanobacteria

64
Q

The evolution of cyanobacteria led to the creation of the ____ and threw the Earth into the _____.

A

-ozone layer
-ice age

65
Q

Protists include all ____ except, ____, ____, & ____.

A

-eukaryotes
-land plants
-fungi
-animals

66
Q

Are protists a monophyletic group?

A

no

67
Q

Fungi are more closely related to ____ than ____.

A

-animals
-plants

68
Q

_____ likely evolved multiple times in eukaryotes.

A

multicellularity

69
Q

Are protists multicellular or unicellular?

A

they can be both

70
Q

During endosymbiosis the host cell provided ___ & ____, while the bacterium provided ____.

A

-protection
-carbon compounds
-ATP

71
Q

What evidence suggests mitochondria were once independent?
-same size and similar gene sequence as _____
-replicate by ____
-have their own ____ & manufacture their own ____
-have _____ membranes
-have their own _____

A

-α-proteobacteria
-fission
-ribosomes, proteins
-double
-membranes

72
Q

Secondary endosymbiosis

A

The engulfing of a cell that has previously been engulfed (membranes X4)

73
Q

All species in the ____ have chloroplast with ____

A

-Plantae
-2 membranes

74
Q

Chloroplasts occur in ___ other lineages of protists. (other than Plante)

A

4

75
Q

How did the nuclear envelope form?

A

-infoldings of the plasma membrane surrounded the chromosomes
-with the evolution of the eukaryotic cell, membranes fold and form the nuclear envelope & ER

76
Q

Sexual reproduction is unique to ____.

A

eukaryotes

77
Q

Alternation of generations

A

multicellular haploid & diploid forms look identical

78
Q

The sporophyte phase (_) produces ____.

A

-2n
-spores

79
Q

The gametophyte phase (_) produces ____.

A

-n
-gametes

80
Q

Harmful algal ‘blooms’ can be caused by ____.

A

dinoflagellates

81
Q

What is the most ancestral group of plants?

A

green algae

82
Q

Plant life started in ____.

A

water

83
Q

The first green plants in the fossil record are ____, and were found in rocks from the ______ period.

A

-green algae
-precambrian

84
Q

What 2 traits do all plants discussed have in common?

A

-chlorophyll A&B
-starch for storage

85
Q

first land plants: from ___-___

A

475-416mya

86
Q

non-vascular land plants include ____

A

liverworts, hornworts, & mosses

87
Q

Why do we know so much about the first land plants?

A

the produced spores with fossilized really well

88
Q

The green algae that are most closely related to land plants have ____ dominant life cycles. And no ____.

A

-haploid
-alternation of generations

89
Q

____ is a very durable biopolymer that encases spores & prevents dying

A

Sporopollenin

90
Q

____ are complex, multicellular structures that protect developing games from drying & physical damage

A

Gametangia

91
Q

Nonvascular land plants are ____ dominant.

A

gametophyte

92
Q

Land plants exhibit ____

A

alternation of generations

93
Q

Eggs develop in the ____

A

archegonia

94
Q

Sperm develop in the ____

A

antheridia

95
Q

Seedless-vascular plants have a ____ dominated life cycle. They are commonly known as ____.

A

-sporophyte
-ferns

96
Q

The evolution of ____ gave plants more support and allowed them to grow taller.

A

lignin

97
Q

Does mitosis or meiosis make spores?

A

meiosis

98
Q

Name two examples of gymnosperms.

A

pines and ginkgo trees

99
Q

What are the two classifications of angiosperms?

A

monocots and dicots

100
Q

angiosperms are the most ____ plants and most ____ diverged.

A

-diverse
-diverged

101
Q

which taxon has flowers and fruits?

A

angiosperms

102
Q

The ____ is the location of the egg and is found in _____.

A

-ovule
-angiosperms & gymnosperms

103
Q

The ____ is the extra layer of protection around the egg and is found in ____.

A

-ovary
-angiosperms f

104
Q

____ plants are heterosporous.

A

seed

105
Q

The microsporangia produces microspores, which is the ___ gametophyte.

A

male

106
Q

The megasporangia produces megaspores, which is the ___ gametophyte.

A

female

107
Q

____ is a male gamete surrounded by sporopollenin.

A

pollen

108
Q

seed plants are ___ dominant

A

sporophyte

109
Q

Malaria is caused by 5 species of ____.

A

plasmodium

110
Q

What are the stages of a malaria infection?

A

-bites human
-liver cells infected
-replicate in liver cells until they burst
-infect red blood cells
-replicate in blood cells until they burst
-bites human
-male and female gametes release and fuse to form a zygote
-infected mosquito bites another human

Ecology (11 decks)

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