protostomes (exam3) Flashcards
In protostomes, does the mouth or anus develop first?
mouth
In protostomes, the coelom is formed by ____.
splitting
In deuterostomes, the coelom is formed by ____.
pinching
In protostomes, early isolated ____ cells lack the ability to form a complete ____.
-embryonic
-embryo
What are the two lineages of protostomes?
-lophotrochozoa
-ecdysozoa
Protostomes transitioned to land ____ times.
multiple
In the transition to land, protostomes faced the challenge of gravity. What was the adaptation?
-hydrostatic skeletons
-exoskeletons
In the transition to land, protostomes faced the challenge of gas exchange. What was the adaptation?
-high surface area bodies
-internal gills, lungs, tracheae
In the transition to land, protostomes faced the challenge of dehydration. What was the adaptation?
-waxy cuticle
-closeable air holes
-watertight shells
-ability to move
-desiccation resistant eggs
Lophotrochozoans have a feeding structure called a ____.
lophophore
Lophotrochozoans have a type of larvae called a ____.
trochophore
Lophotrochozoans have ____ cleavage. (which is unique to this group)
spiral
Lophotrochozoans grow ____.
incrementally
____ provides the strongest evidence that Lophotrochozoans are a monophyletic group.
molecular synapomorphies
Platyhelminthes (flatworms) lack a ____.
Platyhelminthes (flatworms) lack structures specialized for ____ & circulation of ____ & ____
-gas exchange
-oxygen
-nutrients
Flatworms are found only in ____ environments.
moist
In Platyhelminthes (flatworms), the flatted body is likely an adaptation to greatly increase ____ ratio
surface-area-to-volume
Annelida (segmented worms) have a ____ and full develomed ____.
-coelom
-digestive tract
Annelida (segmented worms) have a ____ body.
segmented
How many species of Annelida (segmented worms) are there?
over 20,000
Annelida (segmented worms) have bristle-like extensions called ____.
chaetae
Mollusca has ____ coelom, that functions for ____ & ____.
-reduced
-reproduction
-excretion
How many species of Mollusca are there?
85-95 thousand
What are the 3 parts of the Mollusca body plan?
-foot
-visceral mass
-mantle
The foot can be modified as ____.
-digging appendage
-arms
-tentacles
The visceral mass functions includes ____, ____ organs, & ____.
-feeding
-digestive
-breathing
What kind of teeth are found in the visceral mass?
radular teeth
What structure in the visceral mass is responsible for gas exchange? And how many are there?
-gills
-2
One disadvantage of the visceral mass is that it ____ easily.
dries out
In many species the mantle secretes a shell made of ____.
calcium carbonate
In terrestrial snails, the mantle forms an ____.
internal lung
In bivalves the mantle is lined with muscle & forms tubes called ____.
siphons
The mantle in cephalopods, (siphon) functions in ____.
jet propulsion
Rotifera, Platyhelminthes, Annelida, & Mollusca are all ____.
Lophotrochozoans
Nematode, Tardigrada, Onychophora, & Arthropoda are all ____.
Ecdysozoa
Ecdysozoa grow ____ by molting: shedding an exoskeleton or external covering
intermittently
In Ecdysozoa, a hormone called ____ helps regulate molting cycles
ecdysone
Nematoda (roundworms) have no ____ and are not ____. They follow the tube-within-a-tube body plan.
-appendages
-segmented
Nematoda (roundworms) have a ____, which is lined only partially.
pseudocoelom
Nematoda (roundworms) have a ____ cuticle that is ____ during growth.
-elastic
-molted
There are ____ species of Nematoda (roundworms)
less than 20,000
Tardigrada & Onychophora (Water Bears & Velvet Worms) have a ____ body plan & ____ limbs
segmented
Tardigrada & Onychophora (Water Bears & Velvet Worms) cuticle is not hardened as an ____; limbs are not ____
-exoskeleton
-jointed
Tardigrada (Water Bears) are ____ & live in diverse environment, often withstanding ____ conditions
-microscopic
-extreme
Onychophora (Velvet Worms) are caterpillar-like organisms (prey on ____)
invertebrates
Arthropods have 2 or 3 body segments or ____.
tagmata
Arthropods have ____ limbs and an ____.
-jointed
-exoskeleton
How many species of arthropods are there? Why are there so many?
-over a million (largest group on Earth)
-they have a great body plan
Myriapods have ____ tagmata. A head region & a long trunk with a series of many ____.
They can have no or several pairs of ____.
-2
-segments
-eyes
Centipedes have ____ pair of legs per segment.
1
Millipedes have ____ pairs of legs per segment.
2
Chelicerae have two tagmata: ____ & ____
-cephalothorax
-abdomen
Chelicerae is also:
a multipurpose appendage near the mouth
Chelicerae have pedipalps, which:
handle food & other functions
Crustacea have ___ or ___ tagmata:
2 or 3
Crustacea are the only extant arthropod with two pairs of ____.
antennae
In crustacea the ____ are usually on mounted stalks.
eyes
What is the oldest arthropod lineage?
crustacea
What is the biggest group of arthropods?
insects
Insecta have ____ tagmata.
3
In Insecta, ___ pairs of walking legs extend from the ventral surface of the ____.
-three
-thorax
Insects usually have 1-2 pairs of ____ on the thorax.
wings
The head on insects consists of ____ parts. ____ structures, one pair of ____, two or three simple ____ (or a pair of compound ____)
-4
-Mouthpart
-antennae
-eyes x2
Incomplete metamorphosis
the juvenile looks like a smaller version of the adult and they eat the same foods
Complete metamorphosis
the larvae look different from the adults and they eat different foods
