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SYSTEMATICS > SPECIES CONCEPTS > Flashcards

SPECIES CONCEPTS Flashcards

1
Q

Latin for “kind” or “appearance”
organisms belonging to the same “kind”

A

Species

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2
Q

Estimate ranges from 3.6-111 million species * Normally used working figure is often 10-15 million

A

True

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3
Q

concept that each species remains unchanged since its creation

A

Species Fixity

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4
Q

supported Species Fixity

Theory of Forms * Perfect vs imperfect forms; variations are imperfections

A

Plato (428-348 BC)

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5
Q

supported Species Fixity

Theory of Types Species reflect existence of unchanging, ideal form, the “universal” or “type” variations are imperfections

A

Reinforced by Aristotle (384-322 BC)

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6
Q

supported Species Fixity

Adhered to the Aristotelian fixity of species “In the beginning were created only germs or causes of the forms of life which were afterwards to be developed in gradual course”

A

St. Augustine (AD 345-430)

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7
Q

design in nature is evidence of benevolence, omnipotence, and existence of God as Creator of the existing order (Argument from design)

A

Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274)

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8
Q

Species as Evolving Entities
Origin of Species* (1859) 2000+ years of certainty in fixed species ended * But the ‘Species Problem’ was born

A
  • Charles Darwin (1809-1882)
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9
Q

supported Species Fixity

an entire species could be represented by one type specimen (holotype)
TYPOLOGICAL SPECIES CONCEPT = Morphological Species Concept

A

Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778)

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10
Q

Said that

A species is a set of organisms that resemble one another and is distinct from other sets”
Species are groups of individuals that are morphologically similar and clearly distinguishable from individuals of other groups”

A

Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778)

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11
Q

The Modern Species Problem components (4)

A
  • Biological Species Concept
  • Paleontological Species Concept
  • Ecological Species Concept
  • Phylogenetic Species Concept
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12
Q

defines species as… “…groups of actually or potentially interbreeding natural populations which are reproductively isolated from other such groups.”

In short: members of a population mate with each other and produce fertile offspring

A

Biological Species Concept

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13
Q

who made the biological species concept

A

Ernst Mayr’s

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14
Q

populations whose members do not mate with each other or who cannot produce fertile offspring

A

Reproductively isolated

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15
Q

barriers to successful reproduction

A

Reproductive isolating mechanisms

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16
Q

Reproductive isolating mechanisms (7)

A

Geographic - Behavioral - Mechanical - Ecological - Temporal - - Gamete fusion - Postzygotic

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17
Q

tiger and lion Reproductive isolating mechanisms

A

Geographic
Ecological

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18
Q

species differ in their mating rituals

A

Behavioral isolation

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19
Q

fireflies recognize signals of their own species
frogs have calls that only attract their own species
birds have songs that only attract their own species

A

Behavioral isolation

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20
Q

PREZYGOTIC ISOLATING MECHANISMS (6)

A

Geographic
Behavioral
Mechanical
Ecological
Temporal
Gamete fusion

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21
Q

species reproduce in different seasons or at different times of the day e.g. frog species mate at different seasons

A

Temporal isolation:

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22
Q

structural differences between species prevent mating

A

Mechanical isolation:

23
Q

Example:
- Flowers of varied nature of corolla are likely visited by dissimilar pollinators
- insects whose copulatory organs may not fit together, so no sperm would be transferred

A

Mechanical isolation:

24
Q

gametes of one species functions poorly with the gametes of another species or within the reproductive tract of another species

A

Prevention of gamete fusion (Gametic/gametophytic isolation):

25
Q

Postzygotic barriers

A
  1. Reduced Hybrid Viability
  2. Reduced hybrid fertility
  3. Hybrid Breakdown
26
Q

Does not reach sexual maturity

A

Reduced Hybrid Viability

27
Q

Even if hybrids are vigorous, they may be sterile

A

Reduced hybrid fertility

28
Q

offspring of hybrids have reduced viability or fertility

A

Hybrid Breakdown

29
Q

Limitations of biological species concept: (4)

A

-Interspecific hybridization among animals
-10% of bird species have hybridized in nature
- many plants naturally hybridize
- concept applies to sexual species only, excludes fossils and asexual organisms such as prokaryotes

30
Q

OTHER SPECIES CONCEPTS

A

Paleontological Species Concept
Phylogenetic Species Concept
Ecological Species Concept

31
Q

focuses on morphologically discrete species known only from the fossil record.

A

Paleontological Species Concept

32
Q

defines a species as a set of organisms with a unique genetic history-that is, as one branch on the tree of life

A

Phylogenetic Species Concept

33
Q

views a species in terms of its ecological niche, its role in a biological community

A

Ecological Species Concept

34
Q

Real species problems

A

Asexual populations
Prokaryotes
Interspecific hybrids
Endosymbionts
Are all organisms assignable to species?

35
Q

the process by which new species arise, either by - transformation of one species into another, or by the splitting of one ancestral species into two descendant species

A

Speciation

36
Q

transformation of one species into another

A

ANAGENESIS

37
Q

or by the splitting of one ancestral species into two descendant species

leads to diversity

A

CLADOGENESIS

38
Q

PATTERNS OF SPECIATION

A

CLADOGENESIS
ANAGENESIS

39
Q

Modes of speciation

A

Allopatric speciation
Sympatric speciation
Parapatric Speciation

40
Q

speciation that takes place in populations with geographically separate ranges. Gene flow is interrupted and new species evolve.

A

Allopatric speciation

41
Q

speciation that takes place in geographically overlapping populations. Chromosomal changes and nonrandom mating reduce gene flow.

A

Sympatric speciation

42
Q

Adjacent populations evolve into distinct species while maintaining contact along a common border

A

Parapatric Speciation

43
Q

This can occur by chromosomal changes and nonrandom mating. Both can reduce gene flow between organisms and cause populations to evolve to new species.

common in plants

A

Sympatric speciation

44
Q

the heritable condition of possessing more than two complete sets of chromosomes.
common in plants

A

Polyploidy

45
Q

the heritable condition of possessing more than two complete sets of chromosomes in own species

A

autopolyploidy

46
Q

offspring with polypoid karyotyope may be viable and self-fertile

A

true

47
Q

Causes of genome duplication:

A

a) meiotic non-reduction of gametes (both in egg and sperm)
b) genome duplication w/o cytokinesis (after fertilization)

48
Q

are fertile because each chromosome has a partner with which it can pair during meiosis, the process in which gametes are produced.

Duplicated genomes are tetraploid when the cell contains 4 copies of each chromosome. It is diploid when it contains only 2 copies of each.

A

Autopolyploids

49
Q

in some plants can result in cells with more than a hundred chromosomes.

A

Autopolyploidy

50
Q

occurs when an organism has more than two sets of chromosomes from different species.

A

allopolyploidy

51
Q

arises from hybridization plus
genome duplication
homologous pairing is predominant
may lead to speciation

A

allopolyploidy

52
Q

does not lead to speciation

A

Autopolyploidy

53
Q

theory about the evolution and relationships among the members of the plant genus brassica

A

the triangle of u

SYSTEMATICS (12 decks)

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