Fungi and Lichens Flashcards
Multicellular heterotrophic organism
Fungi
Fungi and animals are very much related Fungi and Animalia are sister kingdoms
true
long, branching, filamentous structure of a fungus, oomycete, or actinobacterium.
Digests food
Hyphae
Sexual/asexual Reproduction
Spore production dispersed by wind
▪ Moist: hyphae (mycelium)
Mycelia release digestive enzymes in their
surroundings which break down macromolecules and other decaying matter
Decomposers
develop into large basidium which goes
into meiosis and produce spores
Mushrooms
Eukaryotic
Heterotrophic, feeds by absorption
Lacks plastids; hence, they cannot undergo
food synthesizing processes
Fungi
fungi DIGEST then INGEST By producing
exoenzymes
Fungi store their food as ____ like animals
glycogen
Located underground up to the fruiting body (ascocarp) of the mushroom
Hyphae
Mass of hyphae
Mycelium
Haploid cells that Produce hyphae
FUNGAL SPORES
Hyphae Contains crosswalls with “Septum”
* Separates nucleated cells
Septate Hypha
Non-Septate Hypha
Multi-nucleated filament
Coenocytic Hypha
Other types of hyphae that can trap and kill prey, whereas some can even penetrate other cells
haustorium/haustoria
Mutually beneficial relationship between fungi and plant roots
Colonize soils by the dispersal of spores
Specialized Hyphae in Mycorrhizal Fungi
Mycorrhizal Fungi delivers what micronutrient ions to plant through their filaments
Phosphate, nitrate, sulfate, and
90% of plants have mycorrhizae
true
Two types of Specialized Hyphae in Mycorrhizal Fungi
Ectomycorrhizae
Endomycorrhizae
Creates a sheath outside
Do not penetrate the cells
Only in the cell wall
Ectomycorrhizae
Arbuscular mycorrhizae
More common than ectomycorrhizae
Hyphae penetrates the cell
Endomycorrhizae
fungi that has a symbiotic relationship with the roots of many plants.
Mycorrhizae
Cell wall of fungi is composed of
chitin
Fungal cell membranes have a unique sterol
Replaces cholesterol found in the mammalian cell membrane
ergostrerol
Mitosis is accomplished without dissolution of the nuclear envelope
Within a fully developed nucleus
true
Fungal Growth Requirements
- More acidic environment
- Higher osmotic pressure
- Lower in moisture
- Low in nitrogen
- Contain complex carbohydrates
Sexual Reproduction stage
Perfect, meiotic
Produces spores
Alternating from haploid → heterokaryotic →
diploid
Teleomorphs
Asexual Reproduction stage
Imperfect, mitotic
Produces spores
Haploid
Anamorph
2 separate nuclei from 2 mating strains
Heterokaryotic Cell
spore producing structures
Sporangium
Seen in animals;
Free living organisms are in diploid state;
Diploid multicellular
Diplontic
zygote: diploid -
Undergoes meiosis to produce spores
Spores will undergo mitosis;
Fungi and some algae;
Haplontic
Plants and some algae
Sporophyte and gametophyte
Multicellular organisms
Sporophyte
o Goes into meiosis
o Megaspores microspores
Diplohaplontic
Haploid (gametophyte) and Diploid
(sporophyte) multicellular organism
Diplohaplontic
Major Phyla of Fungi
Chytridiomycota
Zygomycota
Glomeromycota
Ascomycota
Basidiomycota
Most primitive phyla
Aquatic; flagellated
Chytridiomycota
o Dikaryotic
o Produces ascospores
Ascomycota
Produces basidiospores
Basidiomycota
Most primitive
Phylum: Chytridiomycota
Aquatic, some are terrestrial
Saprobic or parasitic
Flagellated spores (zoospores which are asexual)
Cell walls with chitin
Hypochytrids have cellulose - 100 genera, 1000 species
Allomyces
Olpidium
Rhizoplyctis
Chytrids
Zygote or conjugating fungi
breadmolds
Do not live solely on bread but other food as well
Zygomycota
example of Zygomycota
Rhizopus stolonifer
Sporangiospores
Sporangiospores
Fusion of the nuclei
Karyogamy
Forms arbuscular mycorrhizae
Were once considered zygomycetes
Glomeromycetes
a symbiosis between plants and members of an ancient phylum of fungi
Type of endomycorrhizae
Establish a mutualistic association with 85% of
land plants
Penetrate walls of cortical cells (but not the
plasma membrane)
Vital in P uptake and water stress
Arbuscule
arbuscular mycorrhizae
the sites of exchange for phosphorus, carbon, water, and other nutrients
Highly branches vesicle
Vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae
Intercellular invasion of plant cells
Arbuscule
sac fungi
Marine, freshwater, and terrestrial habitats
Produce ascospores
o Sexual spores
o In asci
▪ Contained in fruiting bodies (ascocarps)
Ascomycetes
Asexual spores growing at the tip of the hypha
Not contained in any structure; naked
haploid
conidia
Bearer of conidia
Conidiophore
is a genus of ascomycetes fungi that have an unbranched and non-septate conidiophore
Aspergillus
is another genus of ascomycetes fungi that have a branched, septate and brush-like conidiophore.
Penicillium
ascomycetes
unicellular – asexual reproduction; cell fission or budding
Blastospores, Bud coming off the parent cell
Yeasts (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)
Sexual Reproduction of Ascomycetes Occurs in the
ascocarp, specifically in the hymenium
Fruiting body
Ascocarp
open ascocarp
Apothecium
close ascocarp
Cleistothecium
there is a slit; pear-like shape
Perithecium
Parts of the ascocarp
hymenium
ascus
mycelia
Fertile layer; margin/mouth of the
ascocarp Fertilized part of the ascocarp
Comprised of many asci
Hymenium
contains ascospores
Asci
within the ascocarp produces asci (singular: ascus), sacs that are walled off from the rest of the hyphae. Nuclear fusion within an ascus will produce a diploid zygote.
dikaryotic hyphae
the female sexual organ in certain ascomycetous fungi
Ascogonium
the male sexual organ in certain ascomycetous fungi
Antheridium
Ascus initially has 2 nuclei but eventually fuses due to karyogamy
true
Mycelia Initially has one nucleus per cell
Septate hyphae
true
are fungi that have a yeast (or yeast-like) phase inside and a mold (filamentous) phase outside.
Dimorphic fungi
Produces basidium
Also produces pathogens (ruts and smuts)
Mushroom and shelf fungi
Includes a long-lived dikaryotic mycelium, which can erect its fruiting structure in just a few hours
Basidiomycetes
Fruiting bodies of Basidiomycetes
Basidiocarp
Stage when the mushroom is edible
Dikaryotic Stage
Lined with hymenium
o Composed of many basidia
Gills
Has stipe
Stipitate Mushrooms
Absent stipe
Extipitate Mushrooms
Basidiomycetes -
Pathogenic and parasitic -
Type of molds
Parasitic on plants
rusts and Smuts
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Urediniomycetes
Genera: Uredinales
Rusts
Division: Ustilagomycota
Class: Ustilagomycetes
Genera: Ustilaginales
Smuts
Needs the activation of both + and – strains
coming together; both mating types
▪ Requires two different mating strains
o Forming different bodies in diff organisms
Heterothallic
Incapable of completing life cycle saprobically
Nutritional mode or feeding mode
Obligate biotroph
host is kept alive
Biotrophic
feeds on dead organic matter; does not kill nor benefit from the alive matter
Saprotrophic
host is kept alive
Necrotrophic
May produce as many as five diff spore
producing stages in their life cycles
Heteroecism
Autoecism
Uredinales: Rust
Requires two taxonomically different host
plants in order to complete life cycle
Heteroecism
Entire life cycle completed on a single host
species
Autoecism
Monokaryotic - No sex organs - Dikaryon pathogenic - Heterothallic
o Mating of compatible spores - Teliospores
Ustilaginales: Smuts
“Fungi imperfecti” - Sexual reproduction has not been described; they
have only shown asexual reproductive capabilities - Not a true phylum (not a natural group); polyphyletic - Fungi with no known sexual reproduction
o Asexual reproduction by conidia
Deuteromycota
Aerobic and filamentous
▪ Mildews
▪ Rusts
▪ Smuts
o Grow on surfaces
Molds
Unicellular/nonfilamentous
o Spherical or oval
o Facultatively anaerobic
o Powdery coating on plant materials
Yeasts
Asexual Spores
Formed by Aspergillus spp. and Penicillium
spp.
Not enclosed in a sac; multiple (chains) or
single spores formed at the end of an aerial hypha
Asexual Spores
Asexual Spores
o Derived from the spores produced by the
Candida albicans
o Formed within hypha
o Thick-walled spore
o Nutrient is shunted from adjacent cells into a preferred cell and it swells up, converts nutrient materials to oil droplets for efficient storage, then rounds off with a thick, often roughened outer wall for protection
Chlamydospores
Asexual Spores
Zygomycetes
Sporangiospores
Asexual Spores
o Formed by yeasts
o Buds of the parent cell
Blastospores
Dual organism
o Symbiotic associations between a phototroph
(phycobiont) and a fungus (mycobiont)
Lichens
Green alga or cyanobacterium or
both
Phycobiont
Ascomycetes or basidiomycete
Mycobiont
Grass-like; grows on rocks
Crustose
Leaf-like
Lobed thallus with threadlike rhizines
Foliose
Thread-like structures produces by lower cortex, attaching thallus to the substrate
rhizines
Tree-like/Shrub-like
Grow away from their substrates and branch repeatedly
Fruticose
Chlorophyta OR Cyanobacteria
Phycobiont
Names are fungal names
Based on their fungal partner
Mycobionts
Asexual Reproduction of lichens
Soredia
Isidia
Powdery mass released from ruptures in thallus
Housed in the soralium
Soredia
Finger-like or branched structure that grow up from the thallus
Outgrowth
Isidia
Fungi
Principal decomposers
The only organism capable of breaking down lignin
Bioindicators of air quality
superficial fungal infections of the skin, hair or nails
cutaneous mycoses
Fungi in Cutaneous Mycoses
Trichophyton
Microsporum
Epidermophyton
