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SYSTEMATICS > Fungi and Lichens > Flashcards

Fungi and Lichens Flashcards

1
Q

Multicellular heterotrophic organism

A

Fungi

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2
Q

Fungi and animals are very much related Fungi and Animalia are sister kingdoms

A

true

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3
Q

long, branching, filamentous structure of a fungus, oomycete, or actinobacterium.

Digests food

A

Hyphae

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4
Q

Sexual/asexual Reproduction

A

Spore production dispersed by wind
▪ Moist: hyphae (mycelium)

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5
Q

Mycelia release digestive enzymes in their
surroundings which break down macromolecules and other decaying matter

A

Decomposers

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6
Q

develop into large basidium which goes
into meiosis and produce spores

A

Mushrooms

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7
Q

Eukaryotic
Heterotrophic, feeds by absorption

Lacks plastids; hence, they cannot undergo
food synthesizing processes

A

Fungi

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8
Q

fungi DIGEST then INGEST By producing

A

exoenzymes

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9
Q

Fungi store their food as ____ like animals

A

glycogen

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10
Q

Located underground up to the fruiting body (ascocarp) of the mushroom

A

Hyphae

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11
Q

Mass of hyphae

A

Mycelium

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12
Q

Haploid cells that Produce hyphae

A

FUNGAL SPORES

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13
Q

Hyphae Contains crosswalls with “Septum”
* Separates nucleated cells

A

Septate Hypha

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14
Q

Non-Septate Hypha
Multi-nucleated filament

A

Coenocytic Hypha

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15
Q

Other types of hyphae that can trap and kill prey, whereas some can even penetrate other cells

A

haustorium/haustoria

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16
Q

Mutually beneficial relationship between fungi and plant roots

Colonize soils by the dispersal of spores

A

Specialized Hyphae in Mycorrhizal Fungi

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17
Q

Mycorrhizal Fungi delivers what micronutrient ions to plant through their filaments

A

Phosphate, nitrate, sulfate, and

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18
Q

90% of plants have mycorrhizae

A

true

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19
Q

Two types of Specialized Hyphae in Mycorrhizal Fungi

A

Ectomycorrhizae
Endomycorrhizae

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20
Q

Creates a sheath outside
Do not penetrate the cells
Only in the cell wall

A

Ectomycorrhizae

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21
Q

Arbuscular mycorrhizae
More common than ectomycorrhizae
Hyphae penetrates the cell

A

Endomycorrhizae

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22
Q

fungi that has a symbiotic relationship with the roots of many plants.

A

Mycorrhizae

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23
Q

Cell wall of fungi is composed of

A

chitin

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24
Q

Fungal cell membranes have a unique sterol
Replaces cholesterol found in the mammalian cell membrane

A

ergostrerol

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25
Q

Mitosis is accomplished without dissolution of the nuclear envelope
Within a fully developed nucleus

A

true

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26
Q

Fungal Growth Requirements

A
  1. More acidic environment
  2. Higher osmotic pressure
  3. Lower in moisture
  4. Low in nitrogen
  5. Contain complex carbohydrates
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27
Q

Sexual Reproduction stage
Perfect, meiotic
Produces spores
Alternating from haploid → heterokaryotic →
diploid

A

Teleomorphs

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28
Q

Asexual Reproduction stage
Imperfect, mitotic
Produces spores
Haploid

A

Anamorph

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29
Q

2 separate nuclei from 2 mating strains

A

Heterokaryotic Cell

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30
Q

spore producing structures

A

Sporangium

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31
Q

Seen in animals;
Free living organisms are in diploid state;
Diploid multicellular

A

Diplontic

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32
Q

zygote: diploid -
Undergoes meiosis to produce spores
Spores will undergo mitosis;

Fungi and some algae;

A

Haplontic

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33
Q

Plants and some algae

Sporophyte and gametophyte

Multicellular organisms
Sporophyte
o Goes into meiosis
o Megaspores microspores

A

Diplohaplontic

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34
Q

Haploid (gametophyte) and Diploid
(sporophyte) multicellular organism

A

Diplohaplontic

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35
Q

Major Phyla of Fungi

A

Chytridiomycota
Zygomycota
Glomeromycota
Ascomycota
Basidiomycota

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36
Q

Most primitive phyla
Aquatic; flagellated

A

Chytridiomycota

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37
Q

o Dikaryotic
o Produces ascospores

A

Ascomycota

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38
Q

Produces basidiospores

A

Basidiomycota

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39
Q

Most primitive
Phylum: Chytridiomycota
Aquatic, some are terrestrial
Saprobic or parasitic
Flagellated spores (zoospores which are asexual)
Cell walls with chitin
Hypochytrids have cellulose - 100 genera, 1000 species
Allomyces
Olpidium
Rhizoplyctis

A

Chytrids

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40
Q

Zygote or conjugating fungi
breadmolds
Do not live solely on bread but other food as well

A

Zygomycota

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41
Q

example of Zygomycota

A

Rhizopus stolonifer

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42
Q

Sporangiospores

A

Sporangiospores

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43
Q

Fusion of the nuclei

A

Karyogamy

44
Q

Forms arbuscular mycorrhizae
Were once considered zygomycetes

A

Glomeromycetes

45
Q

a symbiosis between plants and members of an ancient phylum of fungi

Type of endomycorrhizae
Establish a mutualistic association with 85% of
land plants
Penetrate walls of cortical cells (but not the
plasma membrane)
Vital in P uptake and water stress
Arbuscule

A

arbuscular mycorrhizae

46
Q

the sites of exchange for phosphorus, carbon, water, and other nutrients
Highly branches vesicle
Vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae
Intercellular invasion of plant cells

A

Arbuscule

47
Q

sac fungi
Marine, freshwater, and terrestrial habitats
Produce ascospores
o Sexual spores
o In asci
▪ Contained in fruiting bodies (ascocarps)

A

Ascomycetes

48
Q

Asexual spores growing at the tip of the hypha

Not contained in any structure; naked
haploid

A

conidia

49
Q

Bearer of conidia

A

Conidiophore

50
Q

is a genus of ascomycetes fungi that have an unbranched and non-septate conidiophore

A

Aspergillus

51
Q

is another genus of ascomycetes fungi that have a branched, septate and brush-like conidiophore.

A

Penicillium

52
Q

ascomycetes
unicellular – asexual reproduction; cell fission or budding
Blastospores, Bud coming off the parent cell

A

Yeasts (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)

53
Q

Sexual Reproduction of Ascomycetes Occurs in the

A

ascocarp, specifically in the hymenium

54
Q

Fruiting body

A

Ascocarp

55
Q

open ascocarp

A

Apothecium

56
Q

close ascocarp

A

Cleistothecium

57
Q

there is a slit; pear-like shape

A

Perithecium

58
Q

Parts of the ascocarp

A

hymenium
ascus
mycelia

59
Q

Fertile layer; margin/mouth of the
ascocarp Fertilized part of the ascocarp
Comprised of many asci

A

Hymenium

60
Q

contains ascospores

A

Asci

61
Q

within the ascocarp produces asci (singular: ascus), sacs that are walled off from the rest of the hyphae. Nuclear fusion within an ascus will produce a diploid zygote.

A

dikaryotic hyphae

62
Q

the female sexual organ in certain ascomycetous fungi

A

Ascogonium

63
Q

the male sexual organ in certain ascomycetous fungi

A

Antheridium

64
Q

Ascus initially has 2 nuclei but eventually fuses due to karyogamy

A

true

65
Q

Mycelia Initially has one nucleus per cell
Septate hyphae

A

true

66
Q

are fungi that have a yeast (or yeast-like) phase inside and a mold (filamentous) phase outside.

A

Dimorphic fungi

67
Q

Produces basidium
Also produces pathogens (ruts and smuts)
Mushroom and shelf fungi
Includes a long-lived dikaryotic mycelium, which can erect its fruiting structure in just a few hours

A

Basidiomycetes

68
Q

Fruiting bodies of Basidiomycetes

A

Basidiocarp

69
Q

Stage when the mushroom is edible

A

Dikaryotic Stage

70
Q

Lined with hymenium
o Composed of many basidia

A

Gills

71
Q

Has stipe

A

Stipitate Mushrooms

72
Q

Absent stipe

A

Extipitate Mushrooms

73
Q

Basidiomycetes -
Pathogenic and parasitic -
Type of molds
Parasitic on plants

A

rusts and Smuts

74
Q

Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Urediniomycetes
Genera: Uredinales

A

Rusts

75
Q

Division: Ustilagomycota
Class: Ustilagomycetes
Genera: Ustilaginales

A

Smuts

76
Q

Needs the activation of both + and – strains
coming together; both mating types
▪ Requires two different mating strains
o Forming different bodies in diff organisms

A

Heterothallic

77
Q

Incapable of completing life cycle saprobically
Nutritional mode or feeding mode

A

Obligate biotroph

78
Q

host is kept alive

A

Biotrophic

79
Q

feeds on dead organic matter; does not kill nor benefit from the alive matter

A

Saprotrophic

80
Q

host is kept alive

A

Necrotrophic

81
Q

May produce as many as five diff spore
producing stages in their life cycles
Heteroecism
Autoecism

A

Uredinales: Rust

82
Q

Requires two taxonomically different host
plants in order to complete life cycle

A

Heteroecism

83
Q

Entire life cycle completed on a single host
species

A

Autoecism

84
Q

Monokaryotic - No sex organs - Dikaryon pathogenic - Heterothallic
o Mating of compatible spores - Teliospores

A

Ustilaginales: Smuts

85
Q

“Fungi imperfecti” - Sexual reproduction has not been described; they
have only shown asexual reproductive capabilities - Not a true phylum (not a natural group); polyphyletic - Fungi with no known sexual reproduction
o Asexual reproduction by conidia

A

Deuteromycota

86
Q

Aerobic and filamentous
▪ Mildews
▪ Rusts
▪ Smuts
o Grow on surfaces

A

Molds

87
Q

Unicellular/nonfilamentous
o Spherical or oval
o Facultatively anaerobic
o Powdery coating on plant materials

A

Yeasts

88
Q

Asexual Spores
Formed by Aspergillus spp. and Penicillium
spp.
Not enclosed in a sac; multiple (chains) or
single spores formed at the end of an aerial hypha

A

Asexual Spores

89
Q

Asexual Spores
o Derived from the spores produced by the
Candida albicans
o Formed within hypha
o Thick-walled spore
o Nutrient is shunted from adjacent cells into a preferred cell and it swells up, converts nutrient materials to oil droplets for efficient storage, then rounds off with a thick, often roughened outer wall for protection

A

Chlamydospores

90
Q

Asexual Spores
Zygomycetes

A

Sporangiospores

91
Q

Asexual Spores
o Formed by yeasts
o Buds of the parent cell

A

Blastospores

92
Q

Dual organism
o Symbiotic associations between a phototroph
(phycobiont) and a fungus (mycobiont)

A

Lichens

93
Q

Green alga or cyanobacterium or
both

A

Phycobiont

94
Q

Ascomycetes or basidiomycete

A

Mycobiont

95
Q

Grass-like; grows on rocks

A

Crustose

96
Q

Leaf-like

Lobed thallus with threadlike rhizines

A

Foliose

97
Q

Thread-like structures produces by lower cortex, attaching thallus to the substrate

A

rhizines

98
Q

Tree-like/Shrub-like

Grow away from their substrates and branch repeatedly

A

Fruticose

99
Q

Chlorophyta OR Cyanobacteria

A

Phycobiont

100
Q

Names are fungal names
Based on their fungal partner

A

Mycobionts

101
Q

Asexual Reproduction of lichens

A

Soredia
Isidia

102
Q

Powdery mass released from ruptures in thallus
Housed in the soralium

A

Soredia

103
Q

Finger-like or branched structure that grow up from the thallus
Outgrowth

A

Isidia

104
Q

Fungi

A

Principal decomposers
The only organism capable of breaking down lignin
Bioindicators of air quality

105
Q

superficial fungal infections of the skin, hair or nails

A

cutaneous mycoses

106
Q

Fungi in Cutaneous Mycoses

A

Trichophyton
Microsporum
Epidermophyton

SYSTEMATICS (12 decks)

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